Nurses’ Work Hours

I have been a staff nurse in the emergency room for fourteen years. I have worked a variety of 8, 10, 12, and even 16 hour shifts. I currently am working 8 and 12-hour shifts on nights. Previously, I also worked some 12-hour day shifts. I personally have been struggling with working the 12-hour shifts. My commute to work is 1 hour one way and I have fallen asleep several times driving home from work. The last four hours of my shift I experience great fatigue and even have had trouble staying awake. I have come close to having medication errors and feel that my quality of care is less during the last four hours. When working 12-hour shifts I average around 5-6 hours of sleep before returning to do another 12-hour shift. During an interview with another colleague also working 12-hour shifts she states she also experiences feeling very tired and less alert. She actually admits to having a medication error that she feels was associated with the long hours and fatigue. With these concerns I ask, â€Å"Are nurses work hours a concern for nurses and patient safety†? Introduction As demands for flexible work hours and a balance between home and work life have increased for nurses, twelve hour shifts are more common. The nursing shortage has also contributed to nurses’ working longer hours to cover shifts. Nurses must remain alert to provide safe care and prevent errors in medications and procedures. Nurse work hours are a concern to me regarding patient safety. I am also concerned with the health risk of nurses working long hours so I decided to do a search on how long hours affect nurses and their patients. I searched evidenced based research articles available from a variety of trustworthy healthcare sites like CINHAL, ANA, and Nursing Journals. I organized this literature review in three categories. These categories are: Positive and negative effects of long hours, effects of long hours on patient safety, and if there are any health effects on the nurse working 12-hour shifts. Literature Review Positive and Negative Effects of Long Hours There are both advantages and disadvantages of working 12 hour shifts (Ede, Davis, & Sirois, Circadian, 2007). One advantage is working less days during the week, which is desirable of most nurses. It is also easier to have all the shifts covered because you do not have to hire as many nurses (Circadian, 2007). In a qualitative study by Richardson, Turnock, Harris, Finley, & Carson (2007) the purpose was to examine the impact and implications of 12-hour shifts on critical care staff. Two groups and questionnaires with critical care staff from three critical care units were reviewed. Positive effects were found with planning and prioritizing care, improved relationships with parents/relatives, good quality time off work and ease of travelling to work. Less favorable effects were with caring for patients in isolation and the impact on staff motivation and tiredness. Acceptable patterns of work were suggested like no more than 2-3 consecutive shifts should be worked and rest periods between shifts. The survey concluded that most of the nurses that responded wanted to continue with 12-hour shifts. Systems and practices need to be developed to improve on the negative effects of working 12-hour shifts. In one of my interviews the nurse agreed that she enjoys 12-hour shifts because she has more days off during the week and feels she has more time with her family, although I personally disagree. She also states it is easier to provide day care for her children. Disadvantages of longer work hours according to Circadian (2007) included that it is harder to cover absences, limited family and social time during working days, more pay lost when a day is missed and increased percentage of night shifts. Longer work hours have also been associated with increased tiredness, less sleeping hours, driver fatigue returning home, and increased risk of errors or near errors ( Richardson et al. , 2007); (Scott, 2006); (Scott, 2010); (Chen, 2011). I have no time with my family on the days I work 12 hours. Even though I have more days off I feel I am spending at least one day recovering after working a long shift. I personally would rather have interaction with my family daily especially since the kids are in school. A colleague I interviewed also agreed that when working 12 hour shifts she had limited time with her family. Effects on Long Hours on Patient Safety As a result of nursing shortage hospital staff nurses are working longer hours with few breaks (Chen et al. 2011). In one quantitative study by Scott, Rogers, Hwang, & Zhang (2006) they randomly selected 1148 critical care nurses and sent them a demographical questionnaire to fill and return related to medical errors and the hours they worked. The objective of this article was to describe the work patterns of critical care nurses, determine if there was a relationship between the occurrence of errors and the hours worked by the nurses, and explore whether these work ho urs had adverse effects on nurses’ vigilance. The 502 respondents consistently worked longer than scheduled and for extended periods. Longer work duration increased the risk errors and near risk errors and decreased nurses’ vigilance. The findings supported the Institute of Medicine recommendations to minimize the use of 12 hour shifts and to limit nurses’ work hours to no more than 12 consecutive hours during a 24 hour period (IOM, 2006). Although the findings note that 12 hour shifts can have negative effects, most participants wanted to continue working them. Nurses are responsible for the safety of their patients. Nurses must remain alert to provide safe care, recognize discrete changes in patient conditions, and intercept potentially dangerous errors in medication and procedural orders (Keller, 2009). Nurses’ work hours are a concern given the expectation of their sustained vigilance to maintain the well-being of patients. The 12 hour shifts worked by many nurses are associated with reduced sleep times, difficulties staying awake, frequent overtime, and significant risk for error (Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken & Dings, 2004)( Scott, Rogers, Hwang, & Zhang, 2006). Even though 12 hour shifts may be preferred by many nurses, studies indicate that extended shifts worked by hospital staff nurses are associated with higher risk of errors. Long hours coupled with insufficient sleep and fatigue is even risker (Scott et al, 2010). More than two-thirds of 895 hospital staff nurses reported â€Å"struggling to stay awake on duty† at least once during a 28-day data gathering period (Rogers, Hwang, Scott, & Dinges, 2003). Nurses reported fighting sleep about once every five shifts (2,258 out of 11,218 shifts). Drowsiness was not confined to the night shift; more than half of these episodes occurred between 6 A. M. and midnight. Nurses who reported shorter sleep durations were more likely to struggle to stay awake, fall asleep, and make errors while on duty (Scott et al, 2010). Effects on Nurses Working Long Hours Studies examing the health and safety consequences of nurses themselves are beginning to shed some doubt about the wisdom of continuing to use the twelve hour work schedule. According to one study, adverse health and safety outcomes of extended work hours include increased rates of musculoskeletal disorders, needlestick injuries, motor vehicle accidents, and inadequate sleep (Greiger-Brown, & Trinkoff, 2010). All of these can be attributed to reduced vigilant attention, fatigue, and decreased neuromuscular fine motor control associated with sleep deficiency. In an interview with one colleague she states that her body, â€Å"hurts all over†, when working a twelve our shift. I have fallen asleep driving before which could of resulted in injury of myself or someone else. Lengthening of the shift duration from 8 to 12 hours significantly restricts the opportunity for sleep and produces sleep deficiency (Smith et al. , 1998). Working without adequate sleep between shifts can lead to negative chronic health effects including Cardiovascular Disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, decreased immune function, and increased cancer risk (IOM, 2006). In a quantitative study by Chen, Davis, Pan, & Daraiseh (2011) a total 145 nurses wore monitors for one 12-hour day shift to record heart rate (HR) and work pace(WP), which were used to calculate energy expenditure(EE). The purpose of this study was to determine whether hospital nurses are experiencing physiological strain at work by examining their physiological and behavioral response patterns over 12-hour shifts. The EE and HR data presented in the study revealed a moderate physiological strain experienced by 12-hour shift nurses, regardless of their slowed paces during the last four hours. The study noted that although work pace slowed during the last 4 hours, the nurses’ heart rate continued to be elevated, which could lead to cardiovascular disorder. Moreover, inadequate work break and sleep, family care-giving responsibility and aging presented challenges that may have prohibited nurses from full recovery and potentially exacerbated the negative impacts of the 12 –hour shifts. Overall their results relates to EE and HR suggest that nursing workload of 12-hour has a negative physiological impact on nurses. Policy Implications Although there are negative effects noted in working twelve hour shifts, I don’t think it is going anywhere due to the fact that nurses love them, and the increase in nursing shortage. Keeping this in mind instead of focusing on stopping twelve hour shifts, there needs to be interventions on how to improve the 12 hour shifts to provide safer patient care and prevent health problems in nurses. The preliminary policy implications I have discovered is the possibility of limiting how many twelve hour shifts a nurse should work in a row, mandating breaks while working twelve hour shifts, allowing the night shift to nap, regulate how many hours a nurse can volunteer to work, and allow the older nurses to have an option between 8 and 12-hour shifts. In my institution there is no limit on how many hours a nurse can voluntarily sign up for as long as it is approved if it puts the nurse in overtime. Our breaks are not mandated, if we get one great, and if not we can get paid for not getting a break. Most of the time, our breaks are interrupted. Regarding naps, physicians on the night shift are allowed to sleep if there are no patients, but there is no policy stating the nurse can sleep. Some nurses actually work 24 hour shifts, but are allowed to sleep at night if they are not busy. There are times though that they are busy the whole 24 hours. In one interview a nurse stated that if she lays her head down and naps for about 20 minutes she feels much more alert. I have also tried taking a nap at work when there were no patients in the ER, and I did feel so much more alert, especially driving home. It is therefore wise to consider limiting shift length and hours worked per week per IOM recommendations. After reviewing the literature it is clear that the main problem is nurses not getting enough sleep between shifts which causes fatigue. In a study of nurses’ sleep habits, Geiger-Brown (2010) found that 58 percent averaged only 5. 5 hours of sleep. When they work three or four 12-plus hours a day, they are also unable to easily reestablish a â€Å"consistent sleep schedule†. In one research article it noted that allowing the nurses to nap, especially the night nurses showed improvement in alertness and feeling less fatigued and ultimately showed a reduction in errors or near errors (Fallis, McMillan, Edwards, 2011). It also noted that anagement needs consider to mandating that the 12 hour plus nurses are taking full uninterrupted breaks which also improves alertness. Most nurses are not taking full breaks and stay longer than the scheduled 12 hours which reduces their sleep and recovery time between shifts (Greiger-Brown, & Trinkoff, 2010). In a recent review of studies between 1970 and 1998, 12 hour shifts nurses were fatigued in 5 of 7 studies, and of 10 studies measuring performance, 4 were negative, and 6 were neutral; none showed positive effects. In this review, laboratory studies showed deteriorated performance; but field studies found no difference between 8 and 12 hours. Recent studies with stronger designs and methods have increased the evidence that questions the safety of 12-hour shifts. More recent studies as mentioned earlier demonstrate an increase in patient care errors when nurses work 12 hour shifts compared to 8 hours. The research question that has been uncovered related to nurses’ long work hours is if the long hours affect the health of the nurse and patient safety? In my institution other colleagues have stated that they feel that when working 12 hours or longer more than two days in a row really decreases their quality of care because they are tired. I feel more studies need to be done on the impact of working hours and the nurses’ health along with more evidence regarding patient safety. One ethical implication researching effects of 12-hour shifts is that the managers do not want to take away 12-hour shifts due to nursing shortage because they do not have to hire as many nurses to cover shifts. Another issue is that most nurses enjoy the twelve hour shifts even though they know they become really tired because they enjoy having more days off during the week. Managers may fear that nurses will leave to find jobs that offer 12-hour shifts. I feel this is ethically a problem with colleagues and coalitions because they are not looking at the negative effects on the nurses and the patients. With research it has become obvious that working longer hours can effect both the health of the nurse and safety of the patients yet our facility along with many others have not come up with adequate resolutions to the problem. Conclusion Twelve hour shifts contribute to flexible patterns of work, but the effects of delivery of direct care and staff fatigue are important topics for deeper examination. More recent studies as mentioned earlier demonstrate an increase in patient care errors when nurses work 12 hour shifts compared to 8 hours. Although 12 hour shifts are popular, evidence shows us that extended working hours, and working while fatigued and sleep deprived reduce vigilance and impair physical/behavioral functioning. The result has damaging effects on patient safety, quality of care provided and the health of the nurse. I believe it is the responsibility of the nurse to recognize the risks of working longer hours to keep the patient safe and to also maintain their own health. I used the Patterns of Knowing (White, 1995) to view my topic and to gather information on this literature review. These patterns of knowing in nursing include empirics, esthetics, ethics, and personal knowing (White, 1995). I used empirics by gathering factual information regarding my topic. I discussed issues in regards to ethics on my topic that was mentioned in chapter 3. I included my personal knowledge and experience with working longer shift hours, and also looked at the esthetic form by putting it all together and acknowledging what the problem is. Doing this literature review I realize that working the longer hours does put a strain on my overall health, and also has potential to put my patients at risk. I will focus more on getting better sleep, and I have asked my manager about working only 8 hour shifts. I also really want to pursue gathering more information about night nurses being able to nap.

Hamonado Recipe

HAMONADO Ingredient: 1/2 kilogram pork pigue, sliced thinly Marinade: 1/3 cup soy sauce 1/2 cup pineapple juice 1 tablespoon calamansi juice Stuffing: 1 cup carrot strips 1/2 cup sweet pickle relish 1/2 cup pineapple chunks 1/2 cup red bell pepper strips 2 tablespoons cooking oil 1 tablespoon chopped garlic 1/2 cup chopped onions 4 cups water 1/4 cup tomato sauce 3/4 cup sugar 1 tablespoon soy sauce 1/4 cup cornstarch dissolved in 1/2 cup water 2 tablespoons margarine 1 packs 6 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper 1/4 teaspoon AJI-NO-MOTOÂ ® Umami Super Seasoning Procedure Combine soy sauce, pineapple juice and calamansi juice.Add pork and marinate for 2 hours. Flip over after an hour. Drain pork. Lay flat the pork and arrange carrots, pickles, pineapple chunks and red bell peppers. Roll stuffed pork and tie firmly with a string. Set aside. In hot oil, saute garlic and onions until fragrant. Add water and marinated pork rolls. Bring to a boil. Add tomato sauce, sugar, soy sauce and simmer for 30 minutes. Gradually add cornstarch mixture to thicken the sauce. Mix well. Add margarine and simmer for another minute. Sprinkle AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper and AJI-NO-MOTOÂ ® Umami Super Seasoning. Mix well before turning off the fire.To serve: Remove pork from the sauce, untie the strings and slice according to desired thickness. Arrange in a platter and pour sauce on top. Makes 10 slices. SPICY KILAWIN TANIGUE 1/2 kilo tanigue fillet, cut into cubes 1/4cup white vinegar 1 tablespoon sliced ginger, crushed 1 tablespoon chopped red onions 1 tablespoon chopped green chilli (approximately 2 pieces) 1 teaspoon siling labuyo (approximately 1 piece) piece green mango, diced 1/4 cup calamansi, freshly squeezed 1 packet PAL SWEETâ„ ¢ Calorie Free Sweetener 1/8 teaspoon iodized salt 1/2 teaspoon ground black pepper teaspoon MSG 1 tablespoon crushed chicharon (optional) teaspoon chopped spring onions Procedure Mix everything in a bowl. Chill for 30 minutes to 1 h our before serving. Garnish with spring onions. Makes 4-6 servings CLUBHOUSE SANDWICH Ingredients 1 cup mayonnaise 1 pack 2. 8 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper Filling: 1 cup flaked boiled chicken 1 cup chopped fried bacon 1/2 cup sweet pickle relish 1 cup shredded lettuce 4 beaten eggs, fry with1/2 teaspoonAJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic 4 pieces pan fried ham 1 cup sliced seeded tomatoes 9 slices cheddar cheese 18-20 slices loaf bread, toasted Procedure Combine mayonnaise and AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper.Mix well and chill. Set aside. Spread mayo-AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic mixture in loaf bread slices. Place chicken on the 1st layer, followed by bacon top with sweet pickle relish on the second layer of bread. Repeat the procedure with remaining fillings alternately with the bread. Secure with toothpick. May slice into 4 rectangular portions for easy serving. Makes 8 servings. Cheese Sticks with Creamy Bacon Dip Ingredients 3/4 cup cheddar cheese sticks 1/2 cup all purpose flour mixed with 1/2 teaspoon AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper 1 beaten egg 1/2 cup breadcrumbs1 cup cooking oil for deep fryingDip: 1/4 cup fried and chopped bacon 1/4 cup cream cheese 1 cup sour cream 1/2 teaspoon AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic Procedure Prepare dip, beat cream cheese until smooth. Add sour cream and mix well. Sprinkle AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Garlic and mix well. Chill for at least 1 hour before serving. Meanwhile, coat cheese sticks with flour AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Peppermixture. Dip in beaten egg then dredge in breadcrumbs. Deep fry coated cheese sticks until golden brown. Serve together with the dip mixed with bacon. Makes 3 servings. Hamburger Steak Ingredients kilo ground beef cup minced onions pieces beaten eggs 2 tablespoons cornstarch 2 tablespoons soy sauce 1 pack 6 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper 2 tablespoons chopped spring onions 1 teaspoon sesame oil Vegetables oil for pan-frying Mushroom Gravy: 2 tablespoons butter 2 tablespoons flour 1 cups meat stock 1/2 cup all purpose cream 1/2 cup sliced button mushrooms 1 tablespoon soy sauce 1 pack 6 grams AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper Procedure In a mixing bowl, combine beef, onions, eggs, cornstarch and soy sauce. Season with AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper. Add spring onions and sesame oil. Combine thoroughly. Form into burger patties.Heat oil in a flat griller or pan, pan-grill each burger patties until cooked. Prepare mushroom gravy, melt butter in a saucepan, add flour and whisk well until mixture thickens. Pour in meat stock and cream. Whisk thoroughly and simmer in low heat. Add mushroom, soy sauce and AJI-SHIO Seasoning Mix with Pepper. Simmer until sauce slightly thickens. Arrange burger patties in a sizzling plate, pour mushroom gravy. HAMBURGER Ingredients 1/2 kilo ground beef cup chopped onions 2 tablespoons chopped spring onions 1/2 cup flour 1 piece beaten egg 1 tablespoon sesame oil 2 packs 8 grams Secret Sangkap All-In-On e Seasoning GranuleProcedure In a bowl, combine ground beef, onions, spring onions, flour, egg, sesame oil and Secret Sangkap All-In-One Seasoning Granule. To attain firm patties, chill mixture for 1 hour inside the refrigerator. Form into patties using a hamburger molder. Pan-fry until cooked. Makes 8 patties Estimated Cooking Time: 1 hour and 30 minutes Tips and Tricks: For a juicer hamburger, add cold water to the beef before grilling (1/2 cup to 1 pound of meat) Tuna SAndwich INGREDIENTS | 4 slices wheat/rye bread1 can San Marino Corned Tuna1 tbsp mayonnaise1 tbsp lemon juice1 hard boiled egg, mashed10 g dill, minced1 small shallot, inced1 tbsp capers1 tsp sugarSalt and pepper TT1 salad tomato sliced thinly2 leaves lolo rosso lettuce1 cup potato chips| | | PROCEDURE | 1. In a bowl, mix together San Marino Corned Tuna, mayonnaise, lemon juice, egg, dill, shallots, capers, sugar, salt and pepper and set aside and chill2. Lightly grill bread until crisp (you can also just toast the bread in toaster)3. To assemble, layer lettuce then tomato on top of 1 slice of bread. Add the tuna filling then top with the other slice of bread and slice in half diagonally4. Serve on plate with chips| | |

A Chip of Glass Ruby Responses

Showing his true feelings only this one time, Bamjee reveals his opinions when the police come to arrest his wife for participating in and promoting a cause that he is opposed to. Before and after that outburst of his though he really is rather distant and detached from his family and what’s going on. As aloof as Bamjee is, he is also quite proud. He is proud that wealthy and influential people are coming and going through his house, but he is even more proud of his ethnicity. He is proud because he is Indian which means he is of a higher social status than the Bantu. 12. When Mrs. Bamjee was taken away by the police she reminded Bamjee about Ismail’s, Mrs. Bamjee’s daughter Girlie’s fiance’s, engagement party. This shows that even in the midst of the arrest she keeps her cool and remains the good and normal wife that Bamjee fell in love with by reminding him of something as insignificant as an engagement party. Protesting and promoting equality, she is still a simple Indian woman who wants the best for her family and to respect the values of others (in this case, making sure not to offend Ismail by not showing up to his party). 13. In South Africa the social classes are prominent barricades from equality in the country. Having the highest social status, the whites remain the most powerful while the Indians, like Bamjee, are below them and even lower are the Bantu, the native people of South Africa. Bamjee considers himself better than the Bantu and this is showed in the story when he snaps at her â€Å"There you are! That’s what you’ve got for it. † ‘It’ referring to her helping organize the protests and getting involved in the issues of the Bantu. Another part of the story that demonstrates Bamjee’s belief of his superiority over the Bantu is after Mrs. Bamjee has been arrested and gone for two weeks. Bamjee is talking to himself out of rage saying â€Å"For a crowd of natives who’ll smash our shops and kill us in our houses when their time comes. †, â€Å"She will starve herself to death. †, â€Å"She will die there. †, â€Å"Devils who will burn and kill us. † Clearly he believes that his wife must not be acting so ridiculous for people she is better than and clearly he believes the Bantu to be devilish creatures. A Chip of Glass Ruby Responses Showing his true feelings only this one time, Bamjee reveals his opinions when the police come to arrest his wife for participating in and promoting a cause that he is opposed to. Before and after that outburst of his though he really is rather distant and detached from his family and what’s going on. As aloof as Bamjee is, he is also quite proud. He is proud that wealthy and influential people are coming and going through his house, but he is even more proud of his ethnicity. He is proud because he is Indian which means he is of a higher social status than the Bantu. 12. When Mrs. Bamjee was taken away by the police she reminded Bamjee about Ismail’s, Mrs. Bamjee’s daughter Girlie’s fiance’s, engagement party. This shows that even in the midst of the arrest she keeps her cool and remains the good and normal wife that Bamjee fell in love with by reminding him of something as insignificant as an engagement party. Protesting and promoting equality, she is still a simple Indian woman who wants the best for her family and to respect the values of others (in this case, making sure not to offend Ismail by not showing up to his party). 13. In South Africa the social classes are prominent barricades from equality in the country. Having the highest social status, the whites remain the most powerful while the Indians, like Bamjee, are below them and even lower are the Bantu, the native people of South Africa. Bamjee considers himself better than the Bantu and this is showed in the story when he snaps at her â€Å"There you are! That’s what you’ve got for it. † ‘It’ referring to her helping organize the protests and getting involved in the issues of the Bantu. Another part of the story that demonstrates Bamjee’s belief of his superiority over the Bantu is after Mrs. Bamjee has been arrested and gone for two weeks. Bamjee is talking to himself out of rage saying â€Å"For a crowd of natives who’ll smash our shops and kill us in our houses when their time comes. †, â€Å"She will starve herself to death. †, â€Å"She will die there. †, â€Å"Devils who will burn and kill us. † Clearly he believes that his wife must not be acting so ridiculous for people she is better than and clearly he believes the Bantu to be devilish creatures.

Importance Of The Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance Of The Education - Essay Example Education by virtue of its very nature should be termed a human right, as a lack of it leads to countless problems and is a source of stress for individuals, governments and at times, even whole economies. Today, the world has become much more competitive than it had been in the past. That means that if one were to hope for success in the future, be it the financial success, social success or even self-sufficient success, education is, quite literally, the most important thing to have (Dewey, pp1).Today, when big companies and corporations hire people, they usually only inquire about the applicant’s qualifications in terms of their diplomas or degrees. That only reinforces the need for a proper education today because ruthless as it may sound, nobody wants to employ uneducated, illiterate people today. Therefore, needless to say, lack of education leads to unemployment, and ultimately poverty. Clearly, the cruel link between a lack of education and poverty, and a low standard of living, has been made explicit as it is prevailing in 70% of the world today. Another important result of education is the civility that can only be taught by communicating and interacting with other individuals in an educational setting. For instance, in many developing countries, the way educated people act and behave is phenomenally different from the way uneducated people do. Today, disparity between different sects of society is a common observation, something that most governments are taking steps to reducing. A way to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor is through education, as this will benefit the masses and for society as a whole as well. One major thing education indirectly teaches is the will to commit and to come up with the determination that this ‘will’ requires. Acquiring an education is more than only going to class and writing tests. Many times, it can be a financial burden, other times it can be too time-consuming. Along the way, students earning a degree have to make a whole lot of sacrifices and compromises. Sometimes it can be as slight as not snapping at a teacher for being unreasonable, other times, it can mean not attending your best friend’s birthday party to finish studying for a test. Either way, it is not always, as fulfilling as it seems to be, and many a times its rewards are only felt right at the end. Thus, throughout the course of 4 years or 8 years or however long it takes to earn that degree, one must constantly strive to thrive; as in the end even in education, it is a rat race. When one fails, one must stay up another night and redo the assignment, push oneself to work h arder and better, to lead. In the end, the people with the honors are the ones that stayed up the most nights, the ones that partied least and the ones that gave it their all. Before one enrolls to earn a degree, one must acknowledge that time spent vaguely is time wasted. Choosing the right major is an extremely important part of the educational process, perhaps the most important. One must take careful consideration of one’s interests, hobbies, weaknesses, and strengths. Furthermore, students must always take into account the real, ruthless side of an occupation. Having a romanticized view of a career can be very detrimental and leads to more harm than good. Choices should be realistic, but most importantly, made independently. For example, a student that took the sciences and

The History and Social Responsibility Initiatives of Harley Davidson Research Paper

The History and Social Responsibility Initiatives of Harley Davidson - Research Paper Example The paper tells that many of today’s large multinational brands were once established as a small upstart or lucrative business form, but their entrepreneurs transformed the same to Fortune 500 or world’s first class brand by continuously developing better business ideas, discovering further new business opportunities and seizing the same. The history of Harley-Davidson is similar to that of a fascinating tale as it involves the vision of two young engineers who started their own business. Its history goes back to 1903 when young entrepreneurs- William Harley and Arthur Davidson- discovered the business opportunity for basic transportation and developed a bicycle frame with French-designed single cylinder gasoline engine to provide a vehicle for the customers to meet the basic transportation need. Neither William Harley nor Arthur Davidson had any big dream of a manufacturing company, but they, in fact, we're thinking to produce an outboard motor for their own purpose to reach their favorite fishing spots easily. In 1903, they built the first production of Harley-Davidson with the help of a more powerful motor. William Harley began in the bicycle business and Arthur Davidson trained as a pattern maker with help of another draftsman, they worked together and brought the premier machine that was basically a bicycle frame fitted with a single-cylinder four-stroke machine. Harley-Davidson’s first machine production was complete by the summer of 1903. It was not a just loop-frame bike, but a more primitive vehicle with the quite smaller engine attached to the pedal bicycle frame. The second machine was more advanced than its first one, because, its loop-frame model was a natural trap for the unwary and careless people. Within three years after the first motor is produced, Harley Davidson Company became known in its way to prosperity as it increased production of motors to around 50 motorcycles. Until 1906, the company had only a backyard shed for production processes, but Harley and Davidson expanded the manufacturing plant to nearly 2400 square feet of plant space. Before 1910, the brand attained wider popularity for efficient construction, user-friendly motorcycle, durability and so on. As Holmstrom noted, after 1908, Harley Davidson began to veer from the facts for marketing purposes. Though there were two different machines in design and outlook, their identities turned to make them the single machine. The company grew to achieve several recognitions of excellence in business and marketing landscape. In 1942, Arthur Davidson recalled the growth of the company- Harley Davidson grew just like Topsy with luck, but it was not just that luck because management strategies and effective decision making helped the company stay stronger for years. Harley Davidson redesigned its engineering by changing the front frame down-tube to straight from its previous styles and designs. The 1911 single model was made with the increased cap acity of using gasoline by enlarging the tank capacity to store around 2 gallons of gasoline.

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research project - Essay Example The projected net income before bonuses for the year is $17.2 million. The preliminary net income before bonuses for the first quarter is $3.7 million. According to (FASB 11) inaccurate recognition of bonuses result into inaccuracies within financial statements and hence it is important to make appropriate recording of bonuses as well as well as taxes associated with the same. Treatment of accounting transactions often requires careful consideration of the implications of the same both technically and at ethical levels. Reliable sources often emphasize the importance of accruing bonuses whenever it is expected that the company’s financial/operational performance will at least be equivalent to the set performance levels to warrant issuance of bonuses (Kimball 12). The accrual decision requires considerable judgment of the performance of the entire period which encompasses many future months during which one thing or another may impede achievement of the bonus plan objectives. A number of alternatives have been proposed for accrual of bonuses. These include: Non-accrual of expense until a reasonable probability of achieving the bonus is present Accrual of a smaller expense early in a given performance period to reflect high performance failure risk and accrue a larger expense in future when success probability is extremely high It is not advisable that one accrues significant bonus expense in an instance where probability of awarding the bonus is extremely low (Stickney 80). Such accruals provide a false expense which might be reversed later when the performance period comes to an end. A sample bonus accrual expense for the case presented could be as follows,    Debit Credit Bonus expense 185,000      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accrued bonus liability    185,000 Where payment for the accrued bonus is made later, the journal entry eliminates accrued bonus liability whilst recognizing any arising payroll tax liabilities which are associated with the accrued bonus. A entry for this could be as follows,    Debit Credit Accrued bonus liability 185,000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cash    xxx Taxes    xxx As a matter of fact, when a percentage bonus is issued at the end of every quarter, it is important to recognize a portion of the bonus at the end of each month’s closing financial statements. For instance, the 5% bonus at each quarter’s end, an accrual of 5% of total salary expense is recorded at the end of every month’s cycle closure (FASB 54). A debit is posted to employee bonuses account for total accrual amount and credit is made to bonus accrual account. In the case discussed in the report, the bonus payment is pegged to the projected net income before bonuses of $17.2 million. However, going by the earnings for the current quarter, there is no high likelihood of attaining the projected income before payment of bonuses and hence its non-accrual is recommended until such time that the probability of attaining the projected i ncome before bonus is achieved. In general, the best way to treat the bonus expense is to handle it as an accrued expense or rather an expense incurred but not yet paid. This is consideration of the fact that whilst the bonus is anticipated, changes in the financial results of the company can prevent the company from incurring this expense at the end of the financial period. Incurrence of this expense is pegged on a condition which must be achieved for it to be affected.

Predictive sales Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Predictive sales Report - Essay Example The upswings in the economy usually offer a rush of expanding the business; on the contrary, downward economy results in low business transaction. In strong economies, business enjoys greater prosperity. Along with that, it is also necessary to consider the other economical indicators of a state in order to exactly determine the scenario (Albuquerque & Vega, 2009). In this report, the economic condition of South Carolina will be highlighted and on the basis of that the retailer will be recommended to stock the inventory. In addition to recommend the appropriate stock inventory, the study also intends to formulate a predictive sales report. In order to shed light on the economic condition of the state, the most important factor that will be considered is the unemployment rate of the state. The unemployment rate will be the factor that will be stressed more. Studies have shown that the unemployment rate of a country has significant impact on the overall trade of a country. Unemployment Rate as an Economic Indicator During recessionary phases, the unemployment rate rises to its maximum level. For example, the unemployment rate during booming and normal phases is far below in comparison with the unemployment rate during recession. The 1975 depression saw global unemployment rate reaching 8.9%. ... The unemployment rate is also considered as the relative measure of the jobs available for employment and the tightness or slack of the labor market. Therefore, the unemployment rate of a state plays imperative roles in presenting the economic scenario of state and is acting as an alarm for the administration and government (Balduzzi, Elton & Green, 2001). Nowadays, business houses have also taken immense interests in the latest unemployment rates of a country or state so as to determine the chances of success for the business. This is principally because the unemployment rate is directly associated with the consumer spending. Thus, more unemployment rate will obviously lead to low customer traffic and reduced business transaction. Since, this report seeks to throw light on the economic scenario of South Carolina so as to recommend an overall inventory stock to the client, involved in physical retailing business, stressing more on the unemployment rate is fully justified. Presentatio n of the Data The data will be gathered from the website of the Job and Labor Statistics. In order to analyze the requirements of the inventory; the study will mainly consider the unemployment rate of South Carolina and along with that overall economic scenario of the state. A trend will be developed and on the basis of that inventory stock will be recommended. The findings of data are presented below: - Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2003 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 2004 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 6.9 2005 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 2006 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 2007 5.9 5.7 5.6

Case Study -Rehabilitation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Professional Communication Phase 5 DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Professional Communication Phase 5 DB - Essay Example vice based model, company executives have decided to use a slightly different business model for the release of SmartFit 2.0 which is tailored toward the general membership of the partner fitness club. SmartFit 2.0 also delivered via a wireless device, will bring a suite of entertainment features to the user in addition to the performance tracking. Users of SmartFit 2.0 will be able to listen to streaming music from the Universal Music catalog, audio books, and pre-recorded fitness routines created by the leading Personal Trainers in North America. At the release of the client version, the beta testers (a focus group of selected clients at a partner facility) suggested to offer a three-month free promotion for all new signed up members to any partner facility as a part of our marketing strategy. New members would thereby benefit of the promotion for ninety days followed by an increase in membership fees to reflect the inclusion of SmartFit 2.0 in the monthly membership fee. For current members willing to upgrade to this new level of membership, we would offer one month free and a 10 percent discount on the new membership fee for a period of twelve months. Our company executives believe that in offering this promotion, we are positioning SmartFit 2.0 to be as much of a success as the Personal training version. The pricing strategy has been studied carefully during the development of the platform, and extensively compared with similar client applications in the local and national market. For answering to the diverse demographics that exits at fitness facilities, our managers decided on using a service pricing model, as well as a per-use model. The service fee model described earlier is designed for the first adopters of the technology and those who can benefit from it by becoming a new member at a partner facility. The per-use service model is made to allow people who may decide to use the wireless features of SmartFit 2.0 in a less regular fashion. The

Comets, Astroids and other junk in space Research Paper

Comets, Astroids and other junk in space - Research Paper Example omens of disaster, comets, asteroids and other junks floating in space are now more understood in theories and concepts provided in more advanced scientific discourses and research. In this regard, this essay is written to proffer relevant information on comets, asteroids and other floating objects in space. At the same token, some personal thoughts and reactions on the subject would be inferred in the conclusion. Random House Dictionary defines a comet as â€Å"a celestial body moving about the sun, usually in a highly eccentric orbit, consisting of a central mass surrounded by an envelope of dust and gas that may form a tail that streams away from the sun.† (n.p.) On the other hand, asteroids are defined as â€Å"any of the thousands of small bodies of from 480 miles (775 km) to less than one mile (1.6 km) in diameter that revolve about the sun in orbits lying mostly between those of Mars and Jupiter.† (Random House, 2009) These are also called minor planets. The distinguishing characteristics of comets from asteroids are its location and their composition. Comets come from the coldest part of the solar system which enables them to preserve their icy composition and dust particles. As comets near the vicinity of the sun, they release dust and the gas which evaporates form a gushing trail as it moves. According to Sea and Sky Organization, â€Å"many astronomers refer to them as "dirty snowballs" or "icy mudballs" because that is exactly what they look like. The ice that forms a comet can consist of both water ice and frozen gases.† (par. 3) Asteroids, on the other hand, are found between the planets of Mars and Jupiter and their composition show no ices nor dusts around them. Their sizes range from a few feet to several miles in diameter. There are several theories as to the emergence of asteroids in the location, known famously as the asteroid belt. The Sea and Sky Organization averred the following theories, to wit: â€Å"many astronomers believe that billions

Automobile Essay Example for Free

Automobile Essay Experimental Question: What are the effects of different types of antifreeze on the physical appearance on pansy plants? Most people could not imagine there lives without some sort of motor vehicle transportation. Although motor vehicles are great for getting around and getting around quickly, they take a lot of maintenance and also have a permanent effect on the environment. Motor vehicles take a lot of different products to assure smooth travels. One of these products that help your motor vehicle run smoothly is antifreeze. Antifreeze is made of substance called ethylene glycol. Although antifreeze is a very helpful product for humans there is a lack of its overall effects upon the environment. This is defiantly a problem, due to its lack of research we decided to conduct an experiment; what are the effects of different types of antifreeze on the physical appearance on a pansy plant? Ethylene glycol is actually metabolized in plants and plants have a hormone inside of them called ethylene. Inside of plant cells this substance is turned into ethylene glycol and broken down again. Most people believe that this substance cannot harm plants since it is already present within plants, but this belief is false. In large substance this substance can become deadly. One of the reasons why we decided to conduct this experiment is to show people the immediate effects there motor vehicle products can have upon the environment. Our goal is to inform vehicle owners of the harmful effects there products can have on the environment and what you can do to help improve our environment.

The Impact Of Social Policies On Wellness Essay Example for Free

The Impact Of Social Policies On Wellness Essay The continual interdependence of states in global economic relations has necessitated debates on environmental, health and social related issues, making adoption and executions of policies the remedy for the various shortcomings in various sectors. Since policies are at the core of addressing major issues, the efficiency of health policies are affected by poverty, level of education and socio-economic status. (Leigh 2004:1-2) The impact of global policies on health, nonetheless has improved the quality of life, as more awareness is been mounted, the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) stands as a tool for measuring the impact of global and public policies on health. This cuts across environment, health, gender issues, and the continual relevance of policies has been seen in the EU’s adoption of policies to protect the environment and health. (Samuel Kefee 2007: 1-4) The role of governments stemming from the Federal governments still depends on adoption and execution of policies, the other tiers of government should work alongside the policies and ensure efficiency of services. The impact of Medicaid and other non-governmental organisations shows the role of networking and cooperation towards achieving efficiency and service delivery. The impact of health issues on welfare has refocused the direction of policies towards the health and environmental sectors. More funding needs to be directed at the Medicare services. The arguments of state welfarism and health have resulted in arguments of the best way to manage the welfare of citizens. The role of public or social policy in addressing the health, environmental and other issues is however crucial, the recent trend of paediatric obesity is associated with the United States Culture of consumption of energy dense foods and less exercise. ( Krishnamoorthy, etal 2006: 1-5) A need to turn around the whole situation requires effective policies and execution.

Microcontroller Embedded Memory Technology Information Technology Essay

Microcontroller Embedded Memory Technology Information Technology Essay A  microcontroller  is a small computer on a single  integrated circuit  containing a processor core, memory, and programmable  input/output  peripherals. Program memory in the form of  NOR flash  or  OTP ROM  is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of  RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the  microprocessors  used inpersonal computers  or other general purpose applications. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/153056995_5ef8b01016_o.jpg/230px-153056995_5ef8b01016_o.jpg Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at  clock rate  frequencies as low as 4  kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a  digital signal processor(DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption. Embedded design A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used as an  embedded system.[1]  The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called  embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Typical input and output devices include switches,  relays,  solenoids,  LEDs, small or custom  LCD  displays, radio frequency devices, and sensors for data such as temperature, humidity, light level etc. Embedded systems usually have no keyboard, screen, disks, printers, or other recognizable I/O devices of a  personal computer, and may lack human interaction devices of any kind. Interrupts Microcontrollers must provide  real time  (predictable, though not necessarily fast) response to events in the embedded system they are controlling. When certain events occur, an  interruptsystem can signal the processor to suspend processing the current instruction sequence and to begin an  interrupt service routine  (ISR, or interrupt handler). The ISR will perform any processing required based on the source of the interrupt before returning to the original instruction sequence. Possible interrupt sources are device dependent, and often include events such as an internal timer overflow, completing an analog to digital conversion, a logic level change on an input such as from a button being pressed, and data received on a communication link. Where power consumption is important as in battery operated devices, interrupts may also wake a microcontroller from a low power sleep state where the processor is halted until required to do something by a peripheral event. Programs Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and assemblers are used to convert high-level language and assembler language codes into a compact  machine code  for storage in the microcontrollers memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory. Other microcontroller features Microcontrollers usually contain from several to dozens of general purpose input/output pins (GPIO). GPIO pins are software configurable to either an input or an output state. When GPIO pins are configured to an input state, they are often used to read sensors or external signals. Configured to the output state, GPIO pins can drive external devices such as LEDs or motors. Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of the  analog-to-digital converter  (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they are not able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a  digital-to-analog converter  (DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels. In addition to the converters, many embedded microprocessors include a variety of timers as well. One of the most common types of timers is the  Programmable Interval Timer  (PIT). A PIT may either count down from some value to zero, or up to the capacity of the count register, overflowing to zero. Once it reaches zero, it sends an interrupt to the processor indicating that it has finished counting. This is useful for devices such as thermostats, which periodically test the temperature around them to see if they need to turn the air conditioner on, the heater on, etc. Time Processing Unit  (TPU) is a sophisticated timer. In addition to counting down, the TPU can detect input events, generate output events, and perform other useful operations. A dedicated  Pulse Width Modulation  (PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control  power converters,  resistive  loads,  motors, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in tight timerloops. Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter  (UART) block makes it possible to receive and transmit data over a serial line with very little load on the CPU. Dedicated on-chip hardware also often includes capabilities to communicate with other devices (chips) in digital formats such as  I2C  and  Serial Peripheral Interface  (SPI). Higher integration In contrast to general-purpose CPUs, micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package. Integrating the memory and other peripherals on a single chip and testing them as a unit increases the cost of that chip, but often results in decreased net cost of the embedded system as a whole. Even if the cost of a CPU that has integrated peripherals is slightly more than the cost of a CPU and external peripherals, having fewer chips typically allows a smaller and cheaper circuit board, and reduces the labor required to assemble and test the circuit board. A micro-controller is a single  integrated circuit, commonly with the following features: central processing unit   ranging from small and simple 4-bit  processors to complex 32- or 64-bit processors discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an individual package pin serial  input/output  such as  serial ports  (UARTs) other  serial communications  interfaces  like  I ²C,  Serial Peripheral Interface  and  Controller Area Network  for system interconnect peripherals  such as  timers, event counters,  PWM generators, and  watchdog volatile memory (RAM) for data storage ROM,  EPROM,  EEPROM  or  Flash memory  for  program  and operating parameter storage clock generator   often an oscillator for a quartz timing crystal, resonator or  RC circuit many include analog-to-digital converters in-circuit programming and debugging support This integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and  circuit board  space that would be needed to produce equivalent systems using separate chips. Furthermore, and on low pin count devices in particular, each pin may interface to several internal peripherals, with the pin function selected by software. This allows a part to be used in a wider variety of applications than if pins had dedicated functions. Micro-controllers have proved to be highly popular in  embedded systems  since their introduction in the 1970s. Some microcontrollers use a  Harvard architecture: separate memory buses for instructions and data, allowing accesses to take place concurrently. Where a Harvard architecture is used, instruction words for the processor may be a different bit size than the length of internal memory and registers; for example: 12-bit instructions used with 8-bit data registers. The decision of which peripheral to integrate is often difficult. The microcontroller vendors often trade operating frequencies and system design flexibility against time-to-market requirements from their customers and overall lower system cost. Manufacturers have to balance the need to minimize the chip size against additional functionality. Microcontroller architectures vary widely. Some designs include general-purpose microprocessor cores, with one or more ROM, RAM, or I/O functions integrated onto the package. Other designs are purpose built for control applications. A micro-controller instruction set usually has many instructions intended for bit-wise operations to make control programs more compact.[2]For example, a general purpose processor might require several instructions to test a bit in a register and branch if the bit is set, where a micro-controller could have a single instruction to provide that commonly-required function. Microcontrollers typically do not have a  math coprocessor, so  floating point  arithmetic is performed by software. Volumes About 55% of all  CPUs  sold in the world are  8-bit  microcontrollers and microprocessors. According to Semico, over four billion 8-bit microcontrollers were sold in 2006.[3] A typical home in a developed country is likely to have only four general-purpose microprocessors but around three dozen microcontrollers. A typical mid-range automobile has as many as 30 or more microcontrollers. They can also be found in many electrical devices such as washing machines, microwave ovens, and telephones. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg/220px-PIC18F8720.jpg A  PIC  18F8720  microcontroller  in an 80-pin  TQFP  package. Manufacturers have often produced special versions of their microcontrollers in order to help the hardware and  software development  of the target system. Originally these included  EPROM  versions that have a window on the top of the device through which program memory can be erased byultraviolet  light, ready for reprogramming after a programming (burn) and test cycle. Since 1998, EPROM versions are rare and have been replaced by  EEPROM  and  flash, which are easier to use (can be erased electronically) and cheaper to manufacture. Other versions may be available where the  ROM  is accessed as an external device rather than as internal memory, however these are becoming increasingly rare due to the widespread availability of cheap microcontroller programmers. The use of field-programmable devices on a microcontroller may allow field update of the  firmware  or permit late factory revisions to products that have been assembled but not yet shipped. Programmable memory also reduces the lead time required for deployment of a new product. Where hundreds of thousands of identical devices are required, using parts programmed at the time of manufacture can be an economical option. These mask programmed parts have the program laid down in the same way as the logic of the chip, at the same time. Programming environments Microcontrollers were originally programmed only in  assembly language, but various  high-level programming languages  are now also in common use to target microcontrollers. These languages are either designed specially for the purpose, or versions of general purpose languages such as the  C programming language.  Compilers  for general purpose languages will typically have some restrictions as well as enhancements to better support the unique characteristics of microcontrollers. Some microcontrollers have environments to aid developing certain types of applications. Microcontroller vendors often make tools freely available to make it easier to adopt their hardware. Many microcontrollers are so quirky that they effectively require their own non-standard dialects of C, such as  SDCC for the 8051, which prevent using standard tools (such as code libraries or static analysis tools) even for code unrelated to hardware features. Interpreters are often used to hide such low level quirks. Interpreter  firmware is also available for some microcontrollers. For example,  BASIC  on the early microcontrollers  Intel  8052[4]; BASIC and  FORTH  on the  Zilog Z8[5]  as well as some modern devices. Typically these interpreters support  interactive programming. Simulators  are available for some microcontrollers, such as in Microchips  MPLAB  environment. These allow a developer to analyze what the behavior of the microcontroller and their program should be if they were using the actual part. A simulator will show the internal processor state and also that of the outputs, as well as allowing input signals to be generated. While on the one hand most simulators will be limited from being unable to simulate much other hardware in a system, they can exercise conditions that may otherwise be hard to reproduce at will in the physical implementation, and can be the quickest way to debug and analyze problems. Recent microcontrollers are often integrated with on-chip  debug  circuitry that when accessed by an  in-circuit emulator  via  JTAG, allow debugging of the firmware with a  debugger. Types of microcontrollers : Freescale 68HC11  (8-bit) Intel 8051 ARM  processors (from many vendors) using  ARM7  or Cortex-M3 cores are generally microcontrollers STMicroelectronics  STM8  (8-bit),  ST10  (16-bit) and  STM32  (32-bit) Atmel  AVR  (8-bit),  AVR32  (32-bit), and  AT91SAM  (32-bit) Freescale  ColdFire  (32-bit) and  S08  (8-bit) Hitachi H8,  Hitachi SuperH  (32-bit) Hyperstone  E1/E2 (32-bit, First full integration of  RISC  and  DSP  on one processor core [1996]  [1]) MIPS  (32-bit PIC32) NEC V850  (32-bit) PIC  (8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24) PowerPC  ISE PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip) Rabbit 2000  (8-bit) Texas Instruments Microcontrollers  MSP430  (16-bit), C2000 (32-bit), and Stellaris (32-bit) Toshiba TLCS-870  (8-bit/16-bit) Zilog eZ8  (16-bit),  eZ80  (8-bit) and many others, some of which are used in very narrow range of applications or are more like applications processors than microcontrollers. The microcontroller market is extremely fragmented, with numerous vendors, technologies, and markets. Note that many vendors sell (or have sold) multiple architectures. Interrupt latency In contrast to general-purpose computers, microcontrollers used in embedded systems often seek to optimize  interrupt latency  over instruction throughput. Issues include both reducing the latency, and making it be more predictable (to support real-time control). When an electronic device causes an interrupt, the intermediate results (registers) have to be saved before the software responsible for handling the interrupt can run. They must also be restored after that software is finished. If there are more registers, this saving and restoring process takes more time, increasing the latency. Ways to reduce such context/restore latency include having relatively few registers in their central processing units (undesirable because it slows down most non-interrupt processing substantially), or at least having the hardware not save them all (this fails if the software then needs to compensate by saving the rest manually). Another technique involves spending silicon gates on shadow registers: one or more duplicate registers used only by the interrupt software, perhaps supporting a dedicated stack. Other factors affecting interrupt latency include: Cycles needed to complete current CPU activities. To minimize those costs, microcontrollers tend to have short pipelines (often three instructions or less), small write buffers, and ensure that longer instructions are continuable or restartable.  RISC  design principles ensure that most instructions take the same number of cycles, helping avoid the need for most such continuation/restart logic. The length of any  critical section  that needs to be interrupted. Entry to a critical section restricts concurrent data structure access. When a data structure must be accessed by an interrupt handler, the critical section must block that interrupt. Accordingly, interrupt latency is increased by however long that interrupt is blocked. When there are hard external constraints on system latency, developers often need tools to measure interrupt latencies and track down which critical sections cause slowdowns. One common technique just blocks all interrupts for the duration of the critical section. This is easy to implement, but sometimes critical sections get uncomfortably long. A more complex technique just blocks the interrupts that may trigger access to that data structure. This often based on interrupt priorities, which tend to not correspond well to the relevant system data structures. Accordingly, this technique is used mostly in very constrained environments. Processors may have hardware support for some critical sections. Examples include supporting atomic access to bits or bytes within a word, or other atomic access primitives like theLDREX/STREX  exclusive access primitives introduced in the  ARMv6  architecture. Interrupt nesting. Some microcontrollers allow higher priority interrupts to interrupt lower priority ones. This allows software to manage latency by giving time-critical interrupts higher priority (and thus lower and more predictable latency) than less-critical ones. Trigger rate. When interrupts occur back-to-back, microcontrollers may avoid an extra context save/restore cycle by a form of  tail call  optimization. Lower end microcontrollers tend to support fewer interrupt latency controls than higher end ones. History The first single-chip microprocessor was the 4-bit  Intel 4004  released in 1971. With the  Intel 8008  and more capable microprocessors available over the next several years. These however all required external chip(s) to implement a working system, raising total system cost, and making it impossible to economically computerize appliances. The first computer system on a chip optimized for control applications was the  Intel 8048  released in 1975,[citation   with both  RAM  and  ROM  on the same chip. This chip would find its way into over one billion PC keyboards, and other numerous applications. At this time Intels President, Luke J. Valenter, stated that the (Microcontroller) was one of the most successful in the companies history, and expanded the divisions budget over 25%. Most microcontrollers at this time had two variants. One had an erasable  EPROM  program memory, which was significantly more expensive than the  PROM  variant which was only programmable once. In 1993, the introduction of  EEPROM  memory allowed microcontrollers (beginning with the Microchip  PIC16x84)  [2][citation needed]) to be electrically erased quickly without an expensive package as required for  EPROM, allowing both rapid prototyping, and  In System Programming. The same year, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using  Flash memory.[6] Other companies rapidly followed suit, with both memory types. Cost has plummeted over time, with the cheapest 8-bit microcontrollers being available for under $0.25 in quantity (thousands) in 2009,[citation needed]  and some 32-bit microcontrollers around $1 for similar quantities. Nowadays microcontrollers are low cost and readily available for hobbyists, with large online communities around certain processors. In the future,  MRAM  could potentially be used in microcontrollers as it has infinite endurance and its incremental semiconductor wafer process cost is relatively low. Microcontroller embedded memory technology Since the emergence of microcontrollers, many different memory technologies have been used. Almost all microcontrollers have at least two different kinds of memory, a non-volatile memory for storing firmware and a read-write memory for temporary data. Data From the earliest microcontrollers to today, six-transistor SRAM is almost always used as the read/write working memory, with a few more transistors per bit used in the  register file.  MRAMcould potentially replace it as it is 4-10 times denser which would make it more cost effective. In addition to the SRAM, some microcontrollers also have internal EEPROM for data storage; and even ones that do not have any (or not enough) are often connected to external serial EEPROM chip (such as the  BASIC Stamp) or external serial flash memory chip. A few recent microcontrollers beginning in 2003 have self-programmable flash memory[6]. Firmware The earliest microcontrollers used hard-wired or mask ROM to store firmware. Later microcontrollers (such as the early versions of the  Freescale 68HC11  and early  PIC microcontrollers) had quartz windows that allowed ultraviolet light in to erase the  EPROM. The Microchip  PIC16C84, introduced in 1993,[7]  was the first microcontroller to use  EEPROM  to store firmware. Also in 1993, Atmel introduced the first microcontroller using  NOR Flash memory  to store firmware.[6] PSoC  microcontrollers, introduced in 2002, store firmware in  SONOS  flash memory. MRAM  could potentially be used to store firmware.

Latino Dual Identity Essay -- Hispanic Culture, Identity Essays

Latinos who were raised in the United States of America have a dual identity. They were influenced by both their parents' ancestry and culture in addition to the American culture in which they live. Growing up in between two very different cultures creates a great problem, because they cannot identify completely with either culture and are also caught between the Spanish and English languages. Further more they struggle to connect with their roots. The duality in Latino identity and their search for their own personal identity is strongly represented in their writing. The following is a quote that expresses this idea in the words of Lucha Corpi, a Latina writer: "We Chicanos are like the abandoned children of divorced cultures. We are forever longing to be loved by an absent neglectful parent - Mexico - and also to be truly accepted by the other parent - the United States. We want bicultural harmony. We need it to survive. We struggle to achieve it. That struggle keeps us alive" ( Gr iwold ). Latinos often use Christian and religious imagery in their writing. The strongly religious memories and values instilled upon during their upbringing are often also used to represent innocence and/or their childhood ( Najarro ). Most Latinos who were raised in the United States had parents who ardently clung to the strict religious beliefs carried with them from their mother country. Therefore as Latinos struggle to connect themselves with their culture they find the Catholic faith strongly rooted in their past. Another struggle for identity with Latinos is their struggle with the Spanish and English languages. While some Latinos may speak Spanish in their homes, the language may not be conversationally used in their schools. Some Lat... ...r own personal identity and how others view them. They are caught between to very different cultures and consequently often don't know how to find a way to balance the two. As Latino-Americans move farther away from their roots and struggle to find some common ground between the two cultures the polar duality in their identity will continue to be an extremely common theme in Latino writing. Works Cited Griswold,Lisa. Voices from the Gap. 2002. 16 Sept. 2003 . Najarro.Adela. "Angles in the Kitchen:Latino Poets and the Search for Identity." Adela Najarro's Website. 24 Oct. 2002. 16. Sept. 2003 Rysavy, Tracy. "Secrets of a Poet Spy." Yes. A Journal of Positive Futures. Oct. 1999. 16. Sept. 2003.

Court Case Number 15: Bowers V. Hardwick (june 30, 1986) :: essays research papers

Court Case Number 15: Bowers v. Hardwick (June 30, 1986)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August of 1982, Michael Hardwick was charged with violating the Georgia statute criminalizing sodomy by committing that act with another adult male in the bedroom of Hardwick's home. Hardwick then brought suit in the Federal District Court, therefore challenging the constitutionality of the statute as it criminalized sodomy. Hardwick asserted that he was a practicing homosexual, that the Georgia statute, as administered by the defendants, placed him in imminent danger of arrest and that the statute for several reasons violates the Federal Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I oppose the Court of Appeals decision that Michael Hardwick's complaint was dismissed by evidence seen through rights readily identifiable in the Constitution's text involved much more that the imposition of the Justices' own choice of values on the States and the Federal Government, the Court sought to identify the nature of rights for heightened judicial protection. Such landmark court decisions as Palko v. Connecticut stated this category includes those fundamental liberties that are â€Å"implicit in the concept of ordered liberty,† such that â€Å"neither liberty nor justice would exist if any fundamental liberties were sacrificed.† In Moore v. East Cleveland, fundamental liberties are characterized as those liberties that are â€Å"deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proscriptions against a fundamental right to homosexuals to engage in acts of consensual sodomy have ancient roots. Sodomy was a criminal offense at common law and was forbidden by the laws of the original thirteen States when they ratified the Bill of Rights. In 1868, when the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified, all but five of the thirty-seven States in the Union had criminal sodomy laws. In fact, until 1961, all fifty States and the District of Columbia continue to provide criminal penalties for sodomy performed in private and between consenting adults.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As his honorable Justice John Paul Stevens opinion stated, sodomy was condemned as an odious and sinful type of behavior during the formative period of the common law. That condemnation was equally damning for heterosexual and homosexual sodomy. Moreover, it provided no special exemption for married couples. The license to cohabit and to produce legitimate offspring simply did not include any permission to engage in sexual conduct that was considered a â€Å" crime against nature.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One the more prominent features of Bowers v. Hardwick involved the Georgia statute, â€Å"the presumed belief of a majority of the electorate in Georgia that homosexual sodomy is immoral and unacceptable.† The Georgia electorate enacted a law that presumably reflects the belief that all sodomy is immoral and unacceptable. Unless the Court is prepared to conclude that such a law is

Cold Fusion Research Paper -- Energy Research Papers

Cold Fusion Research Paper As the world becomes more aware of the growing need for a more abundant energy supply, one energy source has been swept under the carpet and virtually ignored. This source is cold fusion. Cold fusion is: â€Å"A reaction that occurs under certain conditions in supersaturated metal hydrides (metals with lots of hydrogen or heavy hydrogen dissolved in them). It produces excess heat, helium, and a very low level of neutrons. In some experiments the host metal has been transmuted into other elements. Cold fusion has been seen with palladium, titanium, nickel and with some superconducting ceramics.† (Infinite) In 1989 Stanley Pons and Martain Fleischmann announced to the press that they had discovered cold fusion. This announcement sent the scientific community in an uproar and the public news media went crazy. The public saw a new source of clean energy that had very little environmental effects. The scientific community saw a paper, which was not peer reviewed, of a scientific principle go out into the public without their consent. While the concept of cold fusion is contrary to the accepted views of physics, this small fact is not what had the community outraged. It was the way Pons and Fleischmann presented the experiment that caused problems. The accepted way of presenting research results within the scientific community is to first publish your experiment to the rest of the scientific community, have other scientist verify your results, and then only after your results have been tested and verified should you go to the press. Science often has experiments that are contrary to the current theory, when these experiments are observed the theory is changed to allow the results to happen and be pre... ...could all be showing the same effects without there being any merit to their clams. The theories behind cold fusion are contrary to popular theory and therefore naturally run up against great resistance. Theories on why cold fusion is observed are still being developed, but a definitive theory is yet to be reached. There is a need for a new theory because cold fusion has been observed in such a verity of experiments that the possibility of error is not probable. The overwhelming number of experiments that have produced an effected dubbed ‘cold fusion’ forces a new theory to be considered. Until a new theory is prescribed the world will have to do without the potential energy source of cold fusion. The world is in need of a clean energy source, therefore a theory must be devised and tested that will allow cold fusion to enter the physics community as a viable

Philosophy: Skeptism Essay

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word â€Å"philosophy† comes from the Greek (philosophia), which literally means â€Å"love of wisdom. Skepticism is a philosophical attitude that, in its most extreme form, questions the possibility of obtaining any sort of knowledge. It was first articulated by Pyrrho, who believed that everything could be doubted except appearances. Sextus Empiricus (2nd century AD), skepticism’s most prominent advocate, describes it as an â€Å"ability to place in antithesis, in any manner whatever, appearances and judgments, and thus †¦ to come first of all to a suspension of judgment and then to mental tranquility. † Skepticism so conceived is not merely the use of doubt, but is the use of doubt for a particular end: a calmness of the soul, or ataraxia. Skepticism poses itself as a challenge to dogmatism, whose adherents think they have found the truth. Sextus noted that the reliability of perception may always be questioned, because it is idiosyncratic to the perceiver. The appearance of individual things changes depending on whether they are in a group: for example, the shavings of a goat’s horn are white when taken alone, yet the intact horn is black. A pencil, when viewed lengthwise, looks like a stick; but when examined at the tip, it looks merely like a circle. Skepticism was revived in the early modern period by Michel de Montaigne and Blaise Pascal. Its most extreme exponent, however, was David Hume. Hume argued that there are only two kinds of reasoning: what he called probable and demonstrative (cf. Hume’s fork). Neither of these two forms of reasoning can lead us to a reasonable belief in the continued existence of an external world. Demonstrative reasoning cannot do this, because demonstration (that is, deductive reasoning from well-founded premises) alone cannot establish the uniformity of nature (as captured by scientific laws and principles, for example). Such reason alone cannot establish that the future will resemble the past. We have certain beliefs about the world (that the sun will rise tomorrow, for example), but these beliefs are the product of habit and custom, and do not depend on any sort of logical inferences from what is already given certain. But probable reasoning (inductive reasoning), which aims to take us from the observed to the unobserved, cannot do this either: it also depends on the uniformity of nature, and this supposed uniformity cannot be proved, without circularity, by any appeal to uniformity. The best that either sort of reasoning can accomplish is conditional truth: if certain assumptions are true, then certain conclusions follow. So nothing about the world can be established with certainty. Hume concludes that there is no solution to the skeptical argument—except, in effect, to ignore it. Even if these matters were resolved in every case, we would have in turn to justify our standard of justification, leading to an infinite regress (hence the term regress skepticism). Many philosophers have questioned the value of such skeptical arguments. The question of whether we can achieve knowledge of the external world is based on how high a standard we set for the justification of such knowledge. If our standard is absolute certainty, then we cannot progress beyond the existence of mental sensations. We cannot even deduce the existence of a coherent or continuing â€Å"I† that experiences these sensations, much less the existence of an external world. On the other hand, if our standard is too low, then we admit follies and illusions into our body of knowledge. This argument against absolute skepticism asserts that the practical philosopher must move beyond solipsism, and accept a standard for knowledge that is high but not absolute.

Prayer in Public Schools Essay

In the probe named illegalise Prayer in Public Schools Has light-emitting diode to the Statess Demise by Gary Bergel, the business line is made that by removing entreaty and any puzzle out of unearthly consideration has ca roled America to plummet from secureeous living, successfulness and success within the last after part century. He states that from around June 25, 1962, when 39 one thousand thousand students were forbidden to pray in naturalise, Americas moral decline began to belt along much rapidly. Bergel supports his claim by stating the primary(prenominal) origins behind the U.S. Supreme Court belief and by issuing virtu eachy religious tidbits. Even though Bergel lists some positions and name c completelying some general ideas, he has an exceedingly weak argument for the easy reason of the claims and warrants not creation supported with actual or personal essay.The opposing obligate that I deplete chosen is entitle Argument against School Prayer by A dam Frucci. Frucci front fails out by locution that the name is not mean to bash theology, or Christianity. But its target is to argue all forms of religion in schools, lofty school in particular. He states that broad(prenominal) school is a get in where you begin to separate from your p bents and begin to form your own ideas. Keeping this in mind, its the absolute worst place to start forcing values and beliefs on you.He get ahead states that religion ordaining neer be non-discriminatory it provoke neer totally include e preciseone. There will always be someone who doesnt fit in only when because of a personal belief, and high school is not the place to lay down isolationism and criticism on any take aim outside of an academic level. Again, I like this article but it is somewhat prepossess because of the writers status of a student in a catholic high school. I get the feeling that he is actually bitter about having the catholic beliefs constrained on himbut f rankly he, or his parents, chose for him to attend the school so he might as well adapt, learn, and grow stronger from the situation. Both of the arguments are weak in their own ways and strong in others, and I will attempt to own most of their faults.Beginning with Bergels argument of the demoralization of the US as a result of the removal of orison from state-supported schools, I get the since that he is very adamant about getting his views crosswise regardless of analyzing the other side of the story. The intact essay is just the ranting and ravings of a bitter Christian. No support is precondition to his main sen termnts anywhere throughout the paper. In all of his main thoughts, he spouts some statistics and information about different factors that have influenced the topic, however there is no egotism-colored evidence of factual data, but quite an only his own opinion. In the first section of the essay, he mentions that there has been a decline in family and moralit y. How does one adjudicate a decline in something so abstract and so subjective? It is win that from here on out, he is do general assumptions based solely on his beliefs. Bergel goes on to argue that removing requester from school creates the secular system beyond the business leader of God.This is a faulty argument for the sincere Christian fact that if God is all powerful, how jackpot anything be created beyond Gods power. If anything, removal of prayer will keep nestlingren from experiencing God in more than a church service setting. He to a fault argues that in doing so, religion in being stripped from the lips and minds of children. Its not restraining a child from totally expressing or playing religiously, its simply preventing prayer to be forced on those who arent believers. Its, in essence, protecting the first amendment rights of those affected and moreover, is a gross exaggeration of the case in hand in addition to the fact that religion cant be totally taken f rom some one.At a usher in the article, he mentions the Engle vs. Vitale Supreme Court case. The whole public opinion has nothing to do with keeping kids from instruction the religion, its concerned with children who arent believers of Christianity not being forced to participate in something that they dont believe in. Bergel seems to allow for that the basic principle of separation of church and state is that the US isnt a professed catholic state therefore it cant just allow the use of one religion over some other in any public arena.The Engle vs. Vitale judgment doesnt eliminate the learning of religion, it simply doesnt allow institutions to force the intrust of Christianity on kids of other faiths. In general, his coherent appears to be based on choleric fervor sooner than rational thought and analysis of the Engle vs. Vitale ruling and its surrounding issues. He never pin fates the issues and examines them within his analysis. He never presents an argument against the opposer but kind of rants and raves about what he believes to be right thus stacking the evidence and therefore fashioning it seem as if anything that is in opposition to his beliefs are wrong. In addition, he never mentions anything about his main idea of prayer in school prayer, thus committing a red herring.In Fruccis article concerning the argument for the removal of school prayer, it has both good and bad aspects to it, thusly providing me with the evidence that this is a stronger argument than that of Bergel. Frucci suggests to us that high school is the worst time to claver such a subject for the simple reason that its a time when one is learning about ones self and its not the time to trim down new mindsets. Firstly, Religion cant be imposed but rather be encouraged and taughtits up to the educated whether or not to suffer the knowledge. Fruccis statement is purely precise because people learn at all times of life and new ideas are presented everyday.Therefore, the teaching of religion in schools can only offer more options rather than changing ones whole mindset. In saying that the setting is inappropriate, Frucci is clearly showing signs of his immaturity. In my own opinion, school is the one of the beaver places to teach religion. The childs inability to concentrate and focus on the designate at had does not warrant removal of school prayer. If thats the case, school in general should be gotten rid of because of the childs inherent nature to be easily distracted and loose concentration. genius of Fruccis strongest arguments within the paper is that prayer in schools does create a since of discrimination. However, he takes it to the extreme when saying that the since of community will be ruined because of their nonparticipation.Overall, Fruccis essay is stronger than Brugels in the since of me, the reader, being satisfactory to relate to the authors point of view, as well as the sum of support that was given to each point raised. Frucc is essay presents more of an argument, as opposed to Brugels which is more of an hollo of ideas. However both essays are fair weak in their persuasiveness, but since I have to choose on, Id have to say that Fruccis is the stronger of the two.

Bel Air Chair

Bel Air prexy slit Shire has some inte tolerateing turn overs of machination. The graphics that stuck out to me was the Bel Air Chair. Its interesting aperient really caught my eye. The colors and shapes were so expert and contrastive it just jumped out at me. It was so unequalled and diverse from any of his otherwise art bunk I had never seen anything kindred it before. With further research I discovered that this amazing work of art was created in 1982. This check was one of the most important contributions to a design group called Memphis.The hold in became a signature tune object for the Memphis Collection and was utilise on umpteen book covers and posters. Shire got a lot of his fanaticism from Los Angeles while creating this piece of post modern art. To me, the important part of the pass is obviously the colors. The vibrancy and smart are the first things that catch the eyes of admirers. He didnt stick to one color. He used a dark, maroon, red color for the bet on of the precede as well as a cat valium, jaundiced color for the cylindrical arm which establishes a contrast. He used an orange for the sphere on the subscribe part of the chair.My favorite color of the chair was the semi-pastel green on the loafer front of the chair. This color, along with the semi-pastel pink, makes it imagine for classy and elegant. The materials used on this chair were sheepskin and cotton. It brings the sense of warmth and comfort that makes you want to stupefy and curl up on the chair. Its inviting with the look of its extensiveness and comfort that makes it more attractive. Being an art teachers daughter, im drawn to this compositors case of colorful inordinate art. It brings a spice and clean look to art. This chair was made of many contrasting geometric shapes and materials.A sphere was used for the bottom back of the chair to add some diversity to the chair and make it Peter Shires stimulate creation. A piston chamber was used for the arm rest which is only on one side of the chair which creates a distinct look while the other side of the chair is half of a cylinder which helps to create a sense of uniqueness. A real was used as the seat of the artwork which exaggerates the look of it being a chair. The back of the chair is a different and difficult shape to explain. This shape makes you conceive of and really admire the artwork.Trying to figure out what material body of creative mind could come up with such(prenominal) an extraordinary work of art puzzles me. Peter Shires divine guidances came from many different objects. The sphere was inspired by a beach ball which he had used for the bottom back of the chair. The best part about the chair is the part where you lay your back when you sit. He got his inspiration from a beach wave or counterbalance a shark fin. An interesting part of this work of art is that it was named after a five-star luxury hotel in Beverly Hills California. The title that is on the Bel Air Chair was taken from the hotel and placed on his piece.At first glance, the work of art is not perceived as wood. It looked like shiny plastic glazed in bright colors. With a closer look it was clear that it was wood. This extravagant work of art looked difficult to carve thus far so perfected. His use of the variety of colors was complimenting both(prenominal) to the objects and the other colors. His chair has been duplicated into a special bound edition which is shown at museums all around. His work of art would have not nearly gained the popularity it accomplished if it werent for the colors. The pop of the chair made it a hit.

Easycar Swot Essay

EasyCar is wholeness of the companies sm all(prenominal)(a) the easyGroup crisscross pull in created by Stelios Haji-Ioannou. It is the high-speed conveyment auto learning lodge in europium because it draw outs hold dear for m wizardy. This is achieved by simplifying the rail elevator motor elevator auto, and go crossways on the bene concords to the guest in the reverbe straddle of a deject terms. This disordered damage machine lease musical theme is not for e very(prenominal)(prenominal) consumer. Since the commercialize is segmented into ancestry organization and unemployed travelers easyCar tries to guidance all of its efforts to the toll b atomic estimate 18-ass unfilled segment. It has interpreted them both old age for easyCar to buck hitherto, and Stelios intends to quatern its sales in the fol baseing(a) deuce geezerhood. jam abridgmentStrengthsleverage on general anatomyal marking record of easyJet (by easyGroup) EasyCar is a part of the easyGroup simple machinery which primary verit suit adequate the easyJet personal credit line cable political machinerier. The distinct companies infra the easyGroup comprehensive mime the economic crisis apostrophize, no frills melodic line st commitgy. This occupation stumper has been instead achieverful in the letting gondola motor gondola political machine perseverance, has a mien in the net profit caf industry, and easyCinema is judge to be launched soon. dexterity of Stellos Stelios Haji-Ioannou is an enterpriser who founded easyJet, and has been draw outing the easyGroup inciter. Stelios is set forth as a flame durrajong enterpriser who has been pugnacious in expanding his brand into m either an(prenominal) diffe permit industries that fit his natural depression cost, no frills business model. Stellos excellency is a lead fountain of how easyJet stony-broke even aft(prenominal) dickens years of operations.No agent ive role (disintermediation) EasyCar has been able to maximise the measurement of revenue they slang because they dispense with the mass of the employments themselves. For separate renting railcar companies cardinal sh argon of their bookings be do by agents (intermediaries), and these agents crave a chance of their sales. EasyCar manages speed of light% of its term of a contracts so it is able to contact the supreme substance of revenue.90% physical exercise of assets on that point ar ternary primary(prenominal) strategies that easyCar utilizes to tuck the highest utilisation rate kayoed of the study car letting companies. Firstly, their randomness scheme evaluates intercommunicate subscribe, and judge employ rather accurately, and adjusts worth accordingly. Secondly, they scarce gallop superstar car pillowcase on from distributively maven al voltaic pile. The customers go to bed that and they bequeath mechanically be matched to bot h car in the surpass. This removes the take chances of diminish habit as a return of customer plectron certain(prenominal) cars everywhere others. Finally, they brook indigence ground pricing. This ensures that for any condition(p) demand the upper limit number of cars argon rented out.Weaknesses l unitary almost(prenominal) one fibre of car Having one face of car shadow in handle manner be seen as a cast out to customers because it clefts them no choice. If customers nurse cream and olfactory perception over price wherefore they pass on not rent from easyCar. do by of car natural selectionaxe up is age eat for customers, given the low staffing levels When a customer indispensablenesss to pull off up a car they comm sole(prenominal) demand to judgment of conviction lag betwixt a one-half minute of arc and an minute of arc at the lot to at long last pick up their car. This seizes the troupes great power to move to a greater extent in a day , and the customers engender disgruntled from waiting. familiar dealing issues regarding its policies The great power of beauteous commerce has passed commandment stating that easyCar has to leave customers 7 days form the metre they do a booking to fell it and become a exuberant quittance. The association is frighten that this un slightt against exit inhibit their plans for a 2004 IPO.They hold back in like manner genuine baffling com electronic jamming from their brisk car policy. The phoner requires the car to be amply cleaned when returned, and its very uncompromising regarding this policy. They arrive receive some stinky press, provided 85% of their go by argon returned with an gratifying substance of cleanliness. Finally, thither are umpteen superfluous charges that are developed in the ticket print. When easyCar freshman open(a) they true a lot of stinky press because they didnt explain their be clearly. belatedly they keep up been laborious to clear up their charges to a greater extent(prenominal) vaporific to the customer.Opportunities fan out into other atomic number 63an trades Experts of the car rental industry feel that europium is in effect(p) for consolidation. This is evidentiary since it provide provide easyCar to put to work unneurotic in different countries across Europe and gain ground intone its brand. stretch out the fleet surface to offer customers more choices To win expand easyCars market get by they could offer more selection. Customers honor choice, but this is single realistically assertable if the prices bide low. unless develop the one minute car rental swear out provider To argue with local anaesthetic emigration like buses and cabs they bear locate citizens of each urban center who only want to rent a car for an second or a trivial sum up of era to complete less time down tasks.Threats justnessful Challenges If the telephoner is ineffectual t o advance the septette day teeming refund law than there could be right consequences. The work rate would be judge to reach from 90% to 65%, and it could too interrupt their evaluate 2004 IPO. in that respect is in any case levelheaded review article with the account statement of peoples faces on the website who move over remiss cars. argument in that location are several(prenominal) inter internally know car rental companies, and national companies that easyCar competes with. For example, home(prenominal) or national companies ordinarily account for 50% of their acress sales. unfermented low cost companies are vent to be pappa up since they hold up seen the success of easyCar, and so easyCar demand to disclose its gap amidst its competitors.