Multimedia campaign three page proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multimedia campaign three page proposal - Essay Example According to the silo it is recognizable of which sex they are, and that is the only characteristics of the character. Basic idea of marketing campaign is to ensure targeted group that Daisy and Low rides jeans are positioning them ina leading position, no matter what color, sex or religion they are. Campaign should be conducted through tv stations, radio, newspapers and magazines, billboards and local Internet portals. Beside that, it is necessary to run special promotional actions through places where targeted audience are gathering, such as Starbuck or Lugz shops. Special attention should be given to local Internet portals which are gaining popularity and where the advertising is relatively cheap but reaches huge number of targeted population. In development of media campaign for Wrangler jeans, two radio spots, one billboard, two tv commercial ads and two Internet banners shall be developed. It is essential to reach as many as possible people aging between 16 and 30 which are major consumer population for Daisy and Low ride jeans. For the television ads, in two commercials, invisible people will be shown wearing "Daisies" and "Low rides". Invisible group of man and woman shall be distinguished by the silhouettes and jeans model that they are wearing. When invisible man wearing jeans comes near the living person in commercial, invisible person suddenly transforms into the visible man, suggesting that wearing Daisies or Low rides will make consumer noticeable wherever he comes or appears. Project flow: Television: Developing two different 30 second commercials, broadcasting them 3 times a week for a trial period of 6 months 1. Ad development a)Actors, directors, video graphics 100.000,00 $ b)Storyboard development 50.000,00 $ c)Agency fee 50.000,00 $ TOTAL 200.000,00 $ 2. Air time national 30 second spot 40.000, $ x 3 times/week x 4 weeks x 6 months 40.000 x 3 x 4 x 6 = 2.880.000 $ per 6 months Television total (development + broadcasting)= 3.080.000,00 $ for trial period of 6 months Billboards: 1. Ad development 2.000,00 $ 2. Placing in 20 major US cities 200.000,00 $ TOTAL 202.000,00 $ Internet 1. Banner Development 1.000,00 $ 2. Positioning banners on major 20 local portals for 6 months 1.000 $ x 20 portals x 6 months= 120.000,00

Should gay marriage be legalize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Should gay marriage be legalize - Essay Example I support the legalization of gay marriages because of their similarity to heterosexual marriages, are determined by uncontrollable biological forces, and have existed in human societies through the course of time. Gay marriages are founded on nearly the same kind of principles that underpin heterosexual marriages. These marriages manifest the characteristics of company, support, and love, which are also fundamental in heterosexual marriages. Gay marriages resemble normal marriages and only differ due to the involvement of people of the same sex. According to those who hold on this opinion, marriage is supposed to help people to adjust to the realities of life and enjoy the company of each other (Baird and Stuart 50). Gay couples usually insist that they are happy in the company of each other and that they would not wish or aspire for any other alternative. Regarding the issue of having children, supporters of gay marriages insist that children are not fundamental to the success of a marriage. They contend that children could be adopted if the gay couples really need them in their marriage. The bonds that hold gay marriages are determined by uncontrollable biological factors. ... They contend they comprise of a minority group in the society and must be protected by the normal laws that safeguard the rights of the minority. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) argues that opposing or outlawing their marriages is an infringement on gay people’s rights and liberties (Stockland and James 13). The society must, therefore, learn to tolerate them and treat them as part of the social system. Gay marriages have existed from historical periods to the current age. They existed during the current centuries and the old world accommodated them within their own structures (Eskridge and Spedale 143). Their argument is that gay relationships and gay marriages are a reality of life and must be accommodated in any society. According to them, the ancient world accommodated gay relationships because the societies at that time could draw a line between individual rights and social realities. They argue that the society has not had any problems resulting from gay relationsh ips. Statistics indicate that about 9 million Americans fall within the category of gay, lesbian, or other orientations that do not conform to conventional morality (Wardle 97). Support for the legalization of gay marriages is because the high statistics of gay people shows that their existence in the society is a fact that cannot be wished away. As such, their rights must be safeguarded and respected by the dominant heterosexual population. However, those who oppose the legalization of gay marriages argue that these marriages have the capacity of eroding the social fabric. They argue that human actions and behavior must be guided by the nature. Naturally, marriages should only be allowed between men and women. Those who

Anxiety interpretation

Anxiety interpretation Introduction Winning is the ultimate goal for performance success amongst elite athletes, and approaches to achieve a competitive edge and optimise sporting performances are eagerly sought after. Facilitative interpretation of anxiety symptoms to impending performance is one recognised attribute of individuals of a higher performance status, and empirical support substantiates this relationship (Jones, Hanton, Swain 1994; Jones Swain, 1995). One approach to attaining a more facilitative interpretation of anxiety is through using a combination of psychological skills (Hanton Jones, 1999a, 1999b; Thomas, Maynard, Hanton, 2007). Findings emphasise the role of cognitive restructuring strategies, such as goal-setting, to elicit positive interpretations. However, the debate over which psychological skills comprising multi-modal interventions are responsible for the favoured anxiety appraisals remains debatable (Fletcher Hanton, 2002). More specifically, recent advancements have identified individual psychological skills which promote positive competitive-anxiety responses (OBrien, Mellalieu, Hanton, 2009; Wadey Hanton, 2007, 2008), yet the mechanisms underlying how and why athletes interpret their anxiety levels as positive are still inconclusive. If athletes can develop their ability to perceive anxiety in a more positive manner, they are more likely to benefit from the accompanied performance advantage. Anxiety, traditionally believed to be a negative determinant of performance, has now become recognised as a stimulant (Jones Hanton, 1996). In response to this dual-anxiety response, Jones (1991) argued that the traditional measure of multi-dimensional anxiety, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, Smith, 1990), restricted the measurement of anxiety response to â€Å"intensity† levels only; (cited in Jones Swain 1995). In response, Jones and Swain (1992) developed the modified version of the CSAI-2 in which a directional scale was collaborated. This broadened the approach adopted to measure intensity and perception of symptoms which were believed to mark the presence of anxiety. In an attempt to explain anxiety interpretation differences, Jones (1995), proposed a model of control, whereby athletes anxiety interpretation was governed by the confidence in their ability to control behaviour and the environment in which to achieve their goals. The model explains that a more positive expectancy of goal attainment is resultant of perceived control and ability to cope, and this generates a more facilitative interpretation of anxiety. This concept of control stemmed from Carver and Scheier (1988) research, who proposed that an athletes interpretation relies on their belief of being able to cope with anxiety levels and having the competency to meet the demands of the task. A wealth of research has based findings on Jones (1995) theoretical framework, whereby positive expectancies of goal attainment and facilitative appraisals of anxiety are inextricably wedded (Jones Hanton, 1999a; Jones Hanton, 1996; Wadey Hanton, 2008). Findings reported by Vealey, Hayashi, Garner-Holman, GiacobbiVealey et al. (1998) reinforces the connectivity of the components within Jones model (1995), in that the perception of self-control has been identified as the second most important source of self-confidence for athletes. Sources of self-confidence are vast and well documented (for a review see Bandura 1977, 1986, 1997; Vealey et alVealey, Hayashi, Garner-Holman, Giacobbi, 1998), and the challenge is to now determine those behaviours which are most conducive to self-confidence increments. The importance of self-confidence has been well-documented, and as one of the most important attribute to athletes, it also discriminates between elite and non-elite performers (Feltz, 1988). Previous studies have suggested that self-confidence functions as a buffer to experiencing debilitative anxiety levels (Hanton, Mellalieu, Hall, 2004). Findings reveal that athletes with superior levels of self-confidence consistently reported positive directional interpretations of the experienced anxiety (Jones et al., 1994), which lends partial support to Jones model (1995). Qualitative research by Hanton et al. (2004) which limited the assessment of strategy use to self-talk, thought control and imagery suggested, suggested that self-confidence ultimately gave rise to a sense of control over athletes performance. Further, self-confidence appeared to override negative thoughts and encouraged coping expectances; thereby was akin to an internal reassurance mechanism. Hanton et al. (2004) results also reported that confidence levels were associated with increases in effort and motivation, which allowed a more facilitative perception. This endorsed Eysenck and Calvos (1992) processing efficiency theory (PET) which proposed that high levels of confidence prevented high levels of cognitive anxiety from impairing performance through promoting motivation and effort investment to ultimately increase concentration levels. Given that Bandura (1977) believes engaging in behaviour enhances the self-confidence in ones ability of that behaviour, it is plausible to suggest that engaging in effective self-control processes may enhance athletes perception of their ability to control. The ability to self-control or self-regulate comprises the capability to manage ones affect, behaviour and cognitions to attain goals, and is suggested to be most necessary when faced with challenges or habitual actions are disrupted (Karoly, 1993). According to Karoly, (1993) â€Å"self-regulation refers to those processes, internal and/or transactional, that enable an individual to guide his/her goal-directed activities over time and across changing circumstances (contexts)† (p. 25). This is an independent process, and therefore success is most likely to be attributed internally, which according to Weiner (1979) will provide a source of greater motivation and self-confidence. A central self-regulatory behaviour according to Bandura (1991) is goal-setting. Bandura proposes goal-setting guides individuals behaviours, cognitions and affects to attain their desired performance standards. In essence, goal-setting provides a self-referenced benchmark against current performance which promotes self-evaluative and positive adaptive behaviour. Goals have also been suggested to enhance athletes motivation, effort, concentration and self-confidence (Gould, 2006). These subsequent self-reactive responses may therefore be targeted to align current behaviour with desired outcomes and assist in enhancing performance. Upon attainment of goals, mastery and personal capabilities in sport-specific skills are defined and awareness of success is heightened. Evidently goals maximise individuals opportunities to experience self-satisfaction, and therefore can function as a prospective pre-determinant of self-confidence. According to Zimmerman (1999), consistent self-regulated learners will assign explicit process and outcome goals, and express elevated self-confidence levels. Given that performance accomplishment is the most superior source of self-efficacy to athletes (Bandura, 1997), this may explain and strengthen the intimacy that has been associated between goal-setting and self-confidence. Synergistically, athletes with greater self-confidence levels have been shown to set more challenging goals and express greater commitment to attaining these goals (Bandura, 1991; Locke Latham, 1990; Wood Bandura, 1989). Bandura (1991) endorses the role of self-confidence as an important element of self-regulation and this has been supported by previous research in sport (Kane, Marks, Zaccaro, Blair, 1996; Williams, Donovan, Dodge, 2000). In view of the relationships between self-control, self-confidence and anxiety interpretation; consideration of the self-regulatory processes which are encompassed within goal-setting may help to ‘unmuddy the waters regarding the prospective underlying mechanisms to anxiety appraisal. The goal-setting process is facilitated by self-monitoring, which is another sub-function of Banduras self-regulation theory (1991). Self-monitoring is in essence observing and surveying ones own performance and results (Zimmerman, 2006), and has been positively related to improved physical learning and performance (Martin Ashnel, 1995; Zimmerman Kitsantas, 1996). Self-monitoring stimulates athletes to self-evaluate and thereby recognise favourable patterns between effective psychological states and successful performance outcomes, which in-turn provides a sense of ‘self-insight. Furthermore, this may guide behavioural change if performance was impaired or encourage the behavioural repetition if performance was enhanced. Consequently, self-monitoring offers opportunities for self-evaluation towards goal attainment, which reflects its self-diagnostic function. Previously it has been shown that self-monitoring, especially if positive, serves as a source of self-confidence (Bouc hard-Bouchard, 1990; Zimmerman Schunk, 2001; Martin Anshel, 1995). Moreover, the self-monitoring capability of athletes, both individually (Kim, 1999) and as a team (Kim Cho, 1996), influences corresponding performance expectations and the belief of mastery (as cited in Bechenke, 2002). Anxiety interpretation is most likely to arise through self-evaluative behaviours. Self-evaluation allows the analysis of the behaviour and accompanied outcomes, and is a subsequent sub-function following self-monitoring. This allows the athlete to determine whether to repeat this behaviour, if self-evaluation was positive, or set in motion a state of corrective change to attain future self-satisfaction, if this judgement was unfavourable (Bandura, 1991). The self-belief in goal mastery proceeds to influence the evaluative and reactive reactions to goal accomplishment or failure. Those of greater self-confidence evaluate failure to reach their goals as a motivator to continue striving. Subsequently they react to reduce the incongruity, by investing more effort and adopting more strategies to enhance the likelihood of goal mastery (Bandura Cervone, 1986). Complementary to these findings, self-confident individuals are predominantly more proactive in their self-reactions to goal accomplishment (Bandura, 1991). That is, once their goal has been mastered, they raise the bar further by introducing another challenging goal, which functions to progress performance improvements. Furthermore, Carver and Scheier (1986, 1988, 1998) have examined the means by which self-confidence effects self-regulatory behaviours. Their research reveals that when progression to goal mastery is hindered and becomes difficult, those with greater self-confidence in coping will react to anxiety levels positively, with renewed effort and concentration to their aspirations (as cited in Hanton et al. (2004). Jones and Hanton (1996) examined competitive anxiety symptoms with regard to goal attainment expectancies prior to competition. Findings demonstrated that competitive swimmers with positive expectations of goal-attainment found their anxiety symptoms were more facilitative to performance, than athletes with negative or uncertain goal expectations. These findings reflect equivalent reports by Hanton and Jones (1999a). This is in align with Jones (1995) control model and re-iterates the beneficial responses to positive goal-expectancies, which may be underpinned by higher self-confidence levels and consequent positive anxiety appraisals. Therefore, appropriate goal-setting is also paramount to optimise athletes expectancies of goal attainment to favour positive anxiety interpretation. Bandura (1991) suggests that acknowledgement of performance progress, influences individuals forthcoming behaviour, stimulates further goal setting and evaluative responses; thus goal-setting is a stimulant for other behavioural responses and appears to be a pivotal facet of self-regulation. Therefore there appears to be an overlapping effect between self-regulatory processes and self-confidence, in particular the goal-setting process. The strong predictive effects between goal-setting and self-confidence lends reasons to propose that goal-setting may be the most dependable predictor of self-confidence amongst other self-regulatory processes; this as yet remains indefinite. Evidence lends support to the role of goal-setting and positive interpretations of anxiety. Wadey and Hanton (2008) and OBrien et al. (2009) endorse the beneficial competitive-anxiety response with gaol-setting interventions. Wadey and Hanton (2008) has hinted that self-confidence and associated effort, motivation, concentration and perceived control may play a role to explain the positive anxiety response and goal-setting, however the mediatory role of self-confidence is as yet unconfirmed. Although Jones explanatory model (1995) and aforementioned research endorse the role self-confidence and perception of self-control plays in anxiety appraisal, they fail to acknowledge, identify and explain which self-regulatory behaviours allow self-confidence to override debilitating interpretations and why this relationship exists. In review of the literature five key self-regulatory processes have emerged and were measured using the Self Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (SRSQ); goal-setting, regulatory-responses, self-monitoring, self-awareness and self-talk. This was the first study to use this questionnaire and assess self-regulation, as a holistic process and differentiate between the key processes. The sources of self-confidence have been extensively reported, yet the variances by which self-regulatory processes contribute to self-confidence have not been compared. This questionnaire will allow the specific sub-functions of self-regulation that may enhance self-confidence to be determined. Previous studies report that elite athletes self-regulate more than their non-elite counterparts (Cleary Zimmerman, 2001; Anshel Porter, 1996), which is not surprising considering elites superior use of psychological skills (Thomas, Murphy, Hardy 1999).,. Therefore the self-confidence derived from these skills is likely to vary, thus competitive level is an important variable to control in this study. The Finally, the role of goal-setting, conceptualised as a self-regulatory behaviour , as a regulatory behaviour on anxiety interpretation willcan be investigated, which extends Hanton et al., (2004) study by including goal-setting as a strategy. . In essence, this study serves to discover if engaging in goal-setting has an indirect effect on anxiety interpretation by enhancing self-confidence. Specifically, it proposes to discriminate which facets of self-regulation are utilised to foster self-confidence, and thereby potentially mediate the competitive anxiety response interpretation. It is hypothesised that goal-setting will be the superior predictor of self-confidence, which in turn will mediate the relationship between goal-setting behaviours and anxiety interpretation. It is expected that self-confidence will be a positive partial mediator of facilitative anxiety interpretation.

Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Weed Drugs Illegal Essays Papers Ca

The Legalization of Marijuana   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana is a plant, known as cannabis sativa and cannabis indica, which contains a psychoactive chemical called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The effects of THC include disruption of psychomotor behavior, short-term memory impairment, intoxication, stimulation of appetite, antinociceptive, and antiemetic activities. Marijuana, the Mexican name given to cannabis is a mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of the plant. Cannabis is a term that refers to marijuana and other preparations made from the same plant. Hemp is a form of cannabis, cannabis sativa L, which contains less than one percent THC; it is used to make clothing, paper, and building materials. Tobacco is smoked just like marijuana is smoked, rolled in paper or in a pipe. The only difference is that tobacco is legal and marijuana is illegal. The government spends billions each year on the war on drugs, yet it is still around. For people under the age of 21 it is much easier to get marijuana than it is to get alcohol. Although many primarily associate marijuana with its harmful side effects, in actuality there are many benefits from its use as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana was a large part of culture throughout the entire world, it has been around for thousands of years and still continues to grow. Hemp was a large help with early American settlers, the hollow stalk was used to make clothing, rope and paper. Hemp was used well before this though, the Chinese used it to make fishing nets and bow strings for their archers. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who are considered to be forefathers for America, both grew hemp. Benjamin Franklin owned a mill that made hemp paper. Early drafts of the Declaration of Independence were written on paper that was made of hemp. During World War II, the US supply of hemp was cut off by the Japanese, and the US Army and the Department of Agriculture promoted the â€Å"Hemp for Victory† campaign, which encouraged farmers to grow hemp for the cause of the war. Hemp was also used in making sails and ropes for ships. In 1937, the Marijuana Tax Stamp Act prohibited the use, sale, and cultivation of marijuana and hemp in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said that marijuana is a â€Å"gateway† drug, and it will lead to harder drugs such as cocaine or heroin, though this is not a proven theory. â€Å"Over time, there has been... ...ke if they are dried and rolled up. The fight for the legalization of marijuana will continue until marijuana is finally legalized. Bibliography 1. de Zwart, W.M. et al, Key Data: Smoking, Drinking, Drug Use and Gambling Among Pupils Aged 10 Years and Older, Utrecht: Netherlands Institute on Alcohol and Drugs (1994). 2. Drug War Facts 3. Jones, R.T. et al, "Clinical Studies of Cannabis Tolerance and Dependence," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 282:221-39 (1976). 4. National Survey Results on Drug Use, from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1993, Volume I, Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse (1994). 5. Preliminary Estimates From the 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1994). 6. Rubin, V., "Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis," pp 1-18 in S. Cohen and R.C. Stillman (eds), The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, New York: Plenum Medical Book Company (1976). 7. State Prison Expidentures 8. US Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Agency, "In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition," [Docket #86-22], (September 6, 1988), p. 57.

Political-Legal Environment Affecting the Economy of an Industry

Political- legal environment is one of the economic environment that its development has strongly impacts on the marketing decisions of the company. The political environment consists of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Each factors of political environment has its own functions and impacts on the economic activities of the industry. The economic systems work best with at least some regulation.When an industry with well-conceived regulation, it can have more opportunities in competition and ensure fair market for goods and services. The public policy is a set of laws and regulations that the government makes to guide commercial or to limit business for the good of society as a whole. Almost marketing activites requires a wide range of laws and regulations to stable the system and help to make true marketing decisions.Legislation affect business around the world and it has increased steadil y over the years such as local-content laws, import restrictions, tax controls, price controls, labor problems. .etc†¦China is one of the Samsung market and it has many laws relates to some issues such as custom import and trading, foreign investment, information technology, pricing and etc†¦. o regulate the activites or the development of Samsung electronics industry in China, for example: Provisional Regulations on Trade Administration of Technology Introduction and Equipment Importation 1- 1996, Implementation Rules on Small-Volume Frontier Trade of Importing Machinery and Electronic Products, Notice on Policies for Reform and Adjustment of Import Tax  , Regulation on Administration of Organizations in Charge of Import or Machinery and Electronic Products in Localities and Departments at the Central Level†¦etc†¦ and through those laws, Samsung enterprises located in China must comply with all the articles of Chinese laws and all the regulations that they sig n together. The regulations are constantly changing and the marketer must work hard to keep up with changes in regulations and their interpretations.. . . Another example is the activites of Samsung electronics VietNam (SEV) in export and paying tax.According to some regulations and laws on taxes, the contributions to the budget through taxes including import or export taxes, value added tax (VAT) and environmental protection taxes. The political sanctions, which protect the companies from each other. Although business executives may praise competition, they sometimes try to neutralize it when it threatens them, so laws are passed to defined and prevent unfair competition. For example, Korean companies have been increasingly subject to the extraterritorial reach of foreign antitrust laws, in 2005, the US department of Justice(DOJ) imposed fines of $300 million on Samsung electronic, a Korean manufactuer of dynamic random access memory(DRAM) and its US subsidiary, Samsung semiconduct or, for participating in an international conspiracy to fix prices in the DRAM market.In addition, according to local reports, the Japan fair trade commission will fine affiliates of Samsung electronics an unprecented amount of several billion yen for price fixing. This was because their sale to subsidiaries of Japanese companies indirectly affected the Japanese market. The Japanese sanctions also protect the right of their authorities and consumers. Another example is the patent infringement between Samsung and Apple. According to US infringement law, US Court ordered  Samsung  to pay $1. 05 billion damages, after ruling that the South Korean firm infringed on some  Apple  patents in  patent infringement trial between Samsung and Apple.And after that, Samsung’s entire line of galaxy were banned in Europe such as the Galaxy S II the Galaxy Tab 7. 7†¦ The government regulation also help to protect the interests of society against unrestrained business behavior. For example, Samsung had been accused by  China Labor Watch  of countenancing illegal and even inhumane conditions at its factories in China, and the group noted that the workers' overtime at the facilities could reach or often times exceed 100 hours a month. Under current Chinese law, overtime is limited to 36 hours a month. After that, Samsung quickly moved to address the problem also further suggests that Samsung is taking this very seriously.

Motion in inferno

The entrance into the second circle of hell marks a descent, a motion downwards, and this type of action is significant both in this fifth canto and throughout the whole of Dante’s Inferno. The theme of motion is dominant in this episode through the use of the winds and rains. It also comes out in other subtler motions that intertwine with the shades and the sins that brought them to this their eternal home.The motions involved here are very frictional. They tell of coming and going, as well as of the conflict between the two. These motions depict a large amount of antagonism, yet they also tell of passivity and subjugation. They underline the posture of the persons involved as well as accentuate their roles in the epic. The motions evident in the poem also give insight into the nature of the hell being depicted. Much can be understood about the degree of the souls’ torment by the types of motion to which they are subjected.The motions of Minos make him out to be a wiel der, and this gives him an air of being in charge. He wields his tail, and with that authority. He â€Å"girdles† and â€Å"entwines† himself, and this motion is symbolic of the extent to which those sent to him will be bound and tormented in hell (Alighieri, 15). It is interesting that the degree of hell itself is depicted itself by a girdling, as each degree entwines a more horrifying one. This shows a unity of action between the motions of Minos and the nature of hell itself.The spirits â€Å"come there before him† (15) and their movement toward him takes place in a manner of subjection. They are at his mercy, just as they will be at the mercy of the events of the hell to which his motion will whisk them. One almost gets from it the idea of the spirits’ genuflection before an elevated Minos. He sends, and that idea depicts a motion away from himself; but it also demonstrates mastery, as the souls who go away from him do so at his bidding. Then, the mot ion with which he sends them is akin to the manner in which they are taken. They are whirled away to the place of their doom.Motions of coming and going occur regularly in this place of gale forces. The motion of the winds is demonstrated by a coming and going. The motion from one circle of hell to the next dooms that spirit to spend eternity in a much more horrifying place. What is more is that each frictional motion to and fro, each coming or going, often happens in fast succession one upon the other, so that it almost seems that they occur at once.The spirits are forced into this frenzied motion by the winds: â€Å"hither, thither, down, up it carries them† (15). This motion echoes their plight. They are forced to come to this place, though in the same instant that they must come, their will is to go. This oscillating motion is indicative of the fact that decision is not granted those who have been condemned to hell. Hell is a place that commands, and all who go there must heed its every whim. There is also nothing inherently rational about that place, or at least its orders are not bound to be so. The vacillation of the winds shows that caprices of punishment are to be expected. Yet all will be punishment.Ideas of combat and battles are expressed by the motion in the passage. Warfare and all that is connected with such an event is present in the episode’s movements. Looting and plundering are involved in these events. The place is described as moving â€Å"as the sea does in a tempest, if it be combated by opposing winds† (15). The winds arise again in this image, but this time their motion creates an atmosphere of battle. This place is one of fighting, where the event smites and molests the â€Å"spirits in its rapine† (15).The whole atmosphere is described as a restless hurricane that pummels the souls that come within its domain. It rushes and blasts them, so that its very motion is of a type that harms and invites (impossibl e) retaliation. The only record of the souls’ giving back damage is in their lamentation, which smites the speaker as he comes near them. Though it is a battle, it is one that is already won for hell. Its pounding motions perpetrate upon its prisoners a torment that grants them no repose.Another motion that depicts the nature of hell is its ability to impose its will upon the damned souls. This ties in with the ideas that have gone before: the souls are often being carried and led. The shades are borne along by strife (15), and their motion in the air forms that of a long line, as the captives are being led in the train of death and damnation. This subjugation to the will of the forces of darkness mirror the subjection these souls once had to their own evil lusts.They are described as having been â€Å"called by desire† (16); called, not just in the sense of a foreign summoning but in the necessity they feel to move toward the source of the calling. These souls find th emselves in hell because of influences upon their actions that have caused their motions toward things. It depicts a resignation to forces that cause actions that in turn lead to the peril of the damned, on whose part passivity (the lack of autonomous motion) is implied.This idea is extended in the stories of those whose love was the precipitant of their doom; it, in effect, was the catalyst of their motion toward hell. This love led them, and they in their passivity allowed themselves to be led. In fact, when the speaker addresses one of the souls described as being in motion â€Å"through the lurid air† (16), the same soul is described as â€Å"benign,† and this gives an idea of stillness and passivity that hints that the energy for its motion is generated by an outside source.Love is a slave-driver to all of them, continually making them move toward things they otherwise might not have chosen. Some even killed themselves for love, and this signifies a motion toward death that ushered their entrance into hell. Strangely, Achilles was somehow able to deviate slightly from this trend. He, after being ruled by love for so long, makes a motion toward self-government and fights with love. There is no evidence of his triumph, however, as he remains one of the captives of hell.In order to allow the lover Francesca to tell her story, the motions of the winds hush and the seas become quiet. A level of calm is depicted in the cessation of the motion of elements even beyond the dominion of hell. The city of the speaker’s birth rests its weight upon the seashore, and this motion effects the stillness of the waves. The river Po is seen as descending in order to have peace, so it too moves from motion to stillness. Prior to this, a quasi-invocation to the â€Å"King of the universe† (16) was given by the speaker for Francesca’s peace.Its effect is this stillness that would allow her to speak of happier times, and grant her at least a res pite, if not complete relief. This seems to point toward a purgatorial notion of hell, where the living can pray to God for the succour of the damned. It implies that the motions of hell that grant agony to the spirits can be shielded by a divine Hand, further implying that hell itself is driven by an even greater power than itself.It is evident that the images of motion in the fifth canto of Dante’s Inferno create a dynamic theme that moves the reader along from the entrance to the portal through to the other dimensions of hell. The motions are indicative of the authority of hell over the souls that are quartered there. Ideas of abasement are dominant in the souls’ lack of autonomy, in their compulsion to do the will of the forces that surround them.Their spirits are flung upon winds, just as in life their wills were navigated by their desires. Other motions tell of a hell as a battlefield of lost causes, as the spirits are doomed, regardless of any desire they might have to fight. The nature of hell is to subdue and to punish, and its motions are ministrants of power that deals out anguish.

Saddam is Back essays

Saddam is Back essays Saddam Hussein is back with vengeance, and his threats of world destruction aren't to be taken lightly. The United States tried unsuccessfully to target him during the Gulf War in February 1991; however, they confidently expected the Iraq leader to be gone within months. Now, eleven years later Saddam has shown a remarkable ability to survive and to rebuild his military to almost its peak potential and the US are threatening to lead air strikes over weapons inspections. Iraq is able to produce chemical and biological weapons within weeks, a long-range missile within a year and a nuclear weapon in five years. It would also be enough time to make up 350 liters of Anthrax a week, enough for two missile warheads, or enough to kill hundreds of thousands of people. The United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) has verified and destroyed 817 missiles, 30 warheads, 75 launchers and launch pads, 38, 537 munitions and 690 tons of chemical-weapons agents. In an extraordinary decade, the woman known as "Dr Germ" has led the production of 10 billion killer doses of toxins, including botalinum, a vicious food poisoning bug that provokes a swollen tongue, frothing at the mouth and dizziness before a victims rapid death. Dr Germ has produced 10 billion killer doses of toxins... However, they believe that a further 2 missiles, 45 warheads, 31 658 munitions and 130 tons of chemical-weapons agents still exist. Dr Rihab Taha, aged 46 is at the center of the growing Iraq crisis, and is the person who persuaded Saddam to launch his controversial germ warfare program back in the 1980's. UNSCOM has also established that Iraq has produced 8400 liters of Anthrax - which dissolves the kidneys, liver and lungs leading to death within two days - and 2000 liters of Aflatoxin, which can lead to liver cancer. The UN is hoping to avert powerful US-led air strikes against Iraq by persuading Saddam to settle for changes in the way the...

Essay on Cold War

Essay on Cold War Essay on Cold War Essay on Cold WarThe Cold War started because of the possible threat of the expansion of Communism across the world. Actually, the Cold War could be defined as an international conflict. The imperialistic circles were against the success of the Soviet power caused by Communist ideology.   In other words, the imperialistic states joined their forces to fight against Soviet ideology (Hawksworth et al., 2010). The Cold War developed over its first three decades, influencing various international-related issues, including the economic, social and cultural issues. For example, the War Powers Act allowed the President to use military force for up to ninety days without seeking congressional power and authority (United States Congress, 1973). It changed the institution of the presidency, influencing foreign policy making. Different presidential administrations, from Truman to Nixon effectively handled Cold War affairs. Truman developed the proper policies to handle various domestic issues , such as the control over prices, housing problems, the control over nuclear weapons, etc. Actually, Truman managed to change the U.S. strategy toward the expansion of the Soviet ideology through the use of atomic blackmail and his decision to confront Stalinism. Nixon made a decision to change foreign policy reestablishing social relations with PRC. He said, â€Å"Here in America, we are fortunate that most of our people have not only the blessings of liberty but also the means to live full and good and, by the worlds standards, even abundant lives† (Nixon, 1974). These approaches affected foreign policy in different ways. The presidents began to exercise greater level of control over foreign policy. The war and treaty making powers of the presidents were growing. The Cold War led to changes within American society and culture, creating positive environment for developing national identity, considerable changes in demographics, the spread of anticommunist ideology, etc.

Brexit Effect Analysis

Following the calls by Europhiles to leave the EU, one may ask why the EU was created in the first place. The formation of the EU was after World War II when countries came together as a means of enhancing economic cooperation and interdependence. The creation of European Economic munity (EEC), was as a result of this effort; it led to the creation of the single market, allowed free movement of EU citizens within the EU and saw the formulation of favourable trade policies. The economic objectives of all these efforts were to reduce trade costs within the EU and to bring about mobility, growth, stability and a single currency. Having noted the foregoing, the questions to be asked are: what would b e of the UK once it left the EU? Is the UK willing to throw away all the benefits that are dependent on its membership in the EU? The statement on page 2 of the article shows the reluctance towards the idea of the UK leaving the EU. There is uncertainty on what would be the aftermath of Brexit. There are arguments that the UK economy will most likely deteriorate given the volatile trade environment whereby the UK will no longer have access to the single market, in addition, to losing of EU regional funding and other subsidies such as funding for various innovative programs. The Brexit referendum has taken the UK into uncharted waters, and it is pletely unprecedented. Calls in support of the referendum caused a lot of political turmoil which has threatened the economy adversely, yet the economy’s prosperity is dependent on political stability (Grixti, 2016). Various studies conducted by various institutions inter alia the National Institute of Economic and Social Research and also the Centre for Economic Performance suggest that the economy of the UK will likely suffer a permanent plunge upon Brexit. The studies are informed by the fact that it is contemplated that foreign investments in the UK will reduce substantially. Further, and more importantly, various researchers have put forth arguments that once out of the EU, the UK will no more enjoy the benefits accruing from the FTA and will cede access to the EU’s single market that offers a consumer market of up to 500 million consumers. The pertinent question that ought to have been deliberated upon is: what would be the consequences of staying out of the EU? Though this question can evoke different responses, Campos et. al. (2015) caution that leaving the EU would not be the best of options in the world that is characterized by the globalization of economies. Further, Bootle (2015) states that from analyses conducted, the projected differences in the UK’s GDP while in the EU and when out are too marginal to base the decision of leaving the EU on the same. Taking into consideration the ideas behind the creation of the EU (which include inter alia creating the single market, allowing free movement of EU citizens within the EU and formulating favourable trade policies), it is not u mon for the authors to be hesitant about leaving the EU and to consider the event a gamble because it would amount to throwing all the EU’s achievements so far into the gutter and the effects on the economy are unpredictable. The question whether the UK will cooperate with the EU is entirely dependent on a number of factors. For a fact, as has been stated hereinabove, once out of the EU, the UK will no more benefit from the Free Trade Agreement and will lose access to the single market. There will no longer be free movement of goods, services or capital. The EU being the UK’s biggest trade partner, it is estimated that the UK will suffer substantial losses. Further, arguments have been fronted that UK citizens in EU states will be subjected to more stringent immigration requirements (Ottaviano et. al, 2014). UK citizens living within the EU states have been advised not assume that rights guaranteed under the application of the free movement rules would still hold post-Brexit. However, in my considered opinion and going by the provisions of international law, and more particularly, the Convention of Vienna on the Law of Treaties 1969, the effect of a state withdrawing from a treaty is to release the parties thereto from future obligations to one another. But, the obligations or rights that arose prior to the withdrawal will continue to exist.   Further, the EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights forbids collective expulsion of foreigners under Article 19. This is the similar position under protocol four of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 4 which states that â€Å"collective expulsion of aliens is prohibited.† Therefore, the post-Brexit effect shall (if at all) negatively impact on future migrations from the UK into the EU. Dhingra and Sampson 92016) argue that among the UK’s options post-Brexit would be to maintain ties with the EU or start new relations with the rest of the world. In the first option, the UK would engage the EU in negotiations to join the European Economic Area which would give UK access to the single market. However, the challenge with this option is that the UK will be required to implement EU trade policies. This will be a major hurdle to cross taking into consideration the fact that one of the reasons for exiting the EU was to â€Å"subvert the damage that the excessive and misguided regulations [was] doing to Britain† (Congdon, 2016). The other option would be for the UK to independently negotiate its trade deals with the rest of the world and look away from the EU. The UK may join the World Trade Organization and negotiate trade deals without having to adopt the EU regulations or paying into the EU budget. However, with a market of just over 65 million consumers, the EU is by default considered a favourable trade partner with its 500 million consumers and may push the UK out of the negotiating table. New Keynesian Economics School believes that policymakers have the capacity to advance economic stability through policies calculated to the battle of market failures. In conclusion, therefore, it is for the EU leaders to decide the best approach to this issue, taking into consideration the economic benefits of cooperating with the EU instead of the political interests. A report by the Council of Financial Regulators (CFR) on the implications of Brexit revealed that globally, the immediate impact of Brexit was heightened market instability and associated uncertainties which saw declines in bond yields. The report states further that the short-term impact on the economy is mainly concentrated in the UK. Globally, however, there are reports of dampened investments with various market players opting not to invest their resources, while the market is so volatile and wait for the Brexit effects to cool off. This may ultimately lower the global GDP to some trifling extent. Be that as it may, the period around the Brexit referendum negatively affected the countries in the Eurozone whereby the strength of the Euro currency against the US dollar plummeted by a whopping 7.6% due to the uncertainties surrounding the Brexit (Irwin, 2016). This dollar surge is associated with the fact that due to the Brexit uncertainties, investors in forex trade opted to dump or withdraw from investing in the Euro (or the pound for that matter) which is right in the epicenter of the seismic Brexit event and chose the dollar currency. The problem with this dollar surge is that those states that are dollar debtor will face more financial challenges in offsetting the debts. On another limp, Irwin (2016) notes that whatever economic ties and trade links there are between the UK and other states shall determine the direct impact that Brexit shall have on those states’ economies. Further, according to the CFR report, the fact that the UK contributes only about 2% of the global GDP, in the long run, there will be relatively little impact on the economy of the world at large. The CFR report further reveals that the Australian banks had taken advance measures to improve their resilience by obtaining stronger funding in the event that the Euro’s viability escalated, which would have in turn affected funding and operations. This way, the Australian dollar would maintain its liquidity regardless of the post-Brexit impact. Therefore, the effect on Australia’s economy will be minor, if at all. This demonstrates that various governments had anticipated the post-Brexit effect and in response thereto, had taken precautionary measures to ensure that the economy of their states will not be affected adversely by the Brexit referendum. This approach adopted by demonstrates that there good fiscal policies are capable of countering any economic crises as fronted by the modern monetary theory. In the end, we must remain alive to the fact that this leaving the EU will most likely take considerate time since there have to be lengthy negotiations on the modalities to be adopted by the UK and the EU once Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty is invoked. The long-term effects of Brexit are anchored on the ou e of these negotiations. Bootle, R., 2015.  The Trouble with Europe: Why the EU isn't Working, how it can be Reformed, What Could Take its Place. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Campos, N.F., Coricelli, F. and Moretti, L., 2015. Norwegian rhapsody? The political economy benefits of regional integration. Available at: https://papers.ssrn /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2619188 [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Congdon, T., Too Much Regulation.  The Economy after Brexit, p.11. Available at: https://static1.squarespace /static/570a10a460b5e93378a26ac5/t/573182efcf80a12bea55ab12/1462862605164/Economists+for+Brexit+The+Economy+after+Brexit.pdf [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Council of Financial Regulators: Report on the Implications of Brexit. (2016). [pdf] Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2016 Dhingra, S. and Sampson, T., 2016. Life after Brexit: what are the UK’s options outside the European Union? [Online] Available at: https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66143/ [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Ec.europa.eu. (2016).  The EU Single Market - European mission. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/index_en.htm [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Grixti, I. (2016).  Post-Brexit Uncertainties. [Online] Times of Malta. Available at: https://www.timesofmalta /articles/view/20160720/opinion/Post-Brexit-uncertainties.619402 [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Ho, T. H., Lim, N. and Camerer, C.F., 2006. Modeling the psychology of consumer and firm behavior with behavioral economics.  Journal of marketing Research,  43(3), pp.307-331. Irwin, N. (2016). How ‘Brexit’ Will Affect the Global Economy, Now and Later. [Online] Nytimes . Available at: https://www.nytimes /2016/06/25/upshot/how-brexit-will-affect-the-global-economy-now-and-later.html?r=0  Ã‚   [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Ottaviano, G., J. P. Pessoa, T. Sampson and J. Van Reenen (2014) ‘The Costs and Benefits of Leaving the EU’, Centre for Economic Performance Policy Analysis Available at: https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/pa016.pdf [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Parker, G. (2015). ‘Tories Shun Brexit Contingency Plans’, Financial Times. Available at: https://www.ft /cms/s/0/208fdf8c-9846-11e5-95c7-d47aa298f769.html#axzz3xSEYNfkq [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. /Report%20on%20the%20implications%20of%20Brexit/Downloads/PDF/CFR_Brexit.ashx [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016].

R&D Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

R&D Effectiveness - Essay Example The acquisition and R&D based activities of the supplier with the reseller is regarded as vertical R&D based activities. In the case of vertical R&D based activities, both the parties are involved in buyer-seller relationship. The acquisition of the Medico Container Services by Merck is regarded as vertical R&D based activities. The regulatory authorities have appreciated exercises of vertical R&D based activities. It is expected that consumers are also able to benefit from the vertical R&D based activities, because such activities i.e. the integration of the supply chain, increase the efficiencies, the prices stabilize and quality of the services also improve. The R&D based activities of the Time Warner Inc. and Turner Corp., which is entirely different entertainment networks, has improved the services of the entertainment giants greatly. The regulatory authorities expressed their concerns that Time Warner after R&D based activities will be reluctant to offer and sell its video prog rams to other competitors of the cable TV companies, and Turner Corp. will have extra benefit through such bargains of R&D based activities, and Turner Corp. ... The regulatory authority therefore approved the R&D based activities as it was likely to improve the services, through ' Direct Broadcast Satellite and new wireless cable technologies' (Yang, 2005). Microsoft: Research & Development The Research and Development Credit has supported different technological innovations, which has assisted the technology companies in the 'creation and perseverance of high quality of life' for the customers. The performance of research and development are responsible for the positive economic benefits. The revenue has been increased considerably, and the employment opportunities have further expanded, at parallel there has been increase in the purchase of the capital goods, and rate of returns. The implementation of the research and development has resulted in good number of opportunities for the increase in dividends and such practices has contributed towards strengthening of the American tax base. The focus of the American government has been over ensuring that the economic growth is sustainable, and the threat to the global security is minimal, for that purpose the practice and the implementation of the research and development is expected to influence and ensure appropriate surv eillance of the goods imported and exported to the United States, such practice will correspondingly influence and improve the labor and capital requirements. The businesses in American are based on small scale businesses, which accounts for more than ninety percent of the American businesses. These small businesses contribute massively towards the gross national product of the country. The stability and the status of these small scale companies can be ensured provided that such companies are provided with an opportunity to perform in the open market,

The Impact of Information Technology on the Role of Human Resources Term Paper

The Impact of Information Technology on the Role of Human Resources - Term Paper Example The paper discusses the crucial interaction between HR and information technology in an organization. In its initial years of adoption, IT was performed more routine functions, such as those of the personnel department, as opposed to the more sophisticated roles of the HR However, the current information technology (which includes ERP, employee databases and management systems, SAP as well as the more holistic HR information systems (HRIS) the role of IT has transformed from performing tactical, routine tasks to those involving more strategic contributions towards the organization. The fact that both HR and IT have undergone strategic transformations over the years has increased the researcher’s interests in exploring the linkage between the two. On the contrary, however, the little empirical examination has been done in this area. A model proposed by Leavitt indicated a linkage between people, structure, tasks, and technology. According to him, technological change is driven by organizational change. The concept is elaborated by Dewett and Jones who claim that IT contributes towards information efficiency as well as information synergies by achieving the former through enhanced output and quality of information and ensuring the latter by enhanced coordination amongst various groups within the organization. One increasingly interesting aspect of organizational change has been that of the changing nature and role of the HR. HR experts have assumed the prominent roles of partners and change agents. The role of HR as a business partner allows the HR professionals to contribute to the accomplishment of organizational goals, develop strategic outcomes for the business, as well as help the business accomplish the ‘strategy should follow structure’ rule. The role as a change agent involves HR professionals facilitating the process of change in organizations, ensuring that the HR setup facilitates change rather than hampering it, and enhancing and r ewarding competitive behaviors within the organization. At the same time, however, the change has been slow which is mainly due to HR involvement in mundane tasks such as paperwork and manual processing of CVs. It is believed that IT has facilitated the HR transition from performing administration and tactical tasks to more strategic ones by shifting the burden of tactical work from HR to IT. It has been observed that by delegating the bulk of administrative tasks to IT, small businesses are in a better position to deal with strategic planning and success models. Furthermore, research has suggested that the relationship between organizational performance and IT is vague. In fact, as claimed by some, it is a dual-edged sword. The relationship presents what is known as a â€Å"productivity paradox†. This term accurately depicts the situation of organizations that have made significant investments in IT but have not yet reaped its benefits. At the other end, however, are the pot ential benefits of IT on HR due to outsourcing, collaboration, and computerization of service delivery platforms. Eastman Chemical is an organization that is on the verge towards outsourcing the administrative aspect of its HR.

The growth of debt among young American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The growth of debt among young American - Essay Example (Economic Crisis, 71) The purpose of this research would be to determine the three most fundamental questions related to the aspect of growth of debt among young Americans. What is the social problem 2) What cause this social problem 3) What is the impact to the people of this social problem 4) What are some solutions regarding to this social problem One of the interests financial planners have would be in understanding how money attitudes can be related to both investment and savings behaviors. Financial counselors wish to understand the how and why students either intentionally or unintentionally get themselves into debt. The rapid rise in consumer credit card debt and personal bankruptcies causes concern with policy makers and this is one reason for the study. There is increasing evidence that credit card debt has contributed to the rise in family financial problems and personal bankruptcies (Brobeck, 45). In the quest to discover why consumer credit card use and debt are increasing it is important to understand an individual's attitudes towards credit, money and debt (Hayhoe, 645). The use of credit has becom... The use of credit has become almost a rite of passage for many collegiate students worldwide. The objective of this paper would be to study the attitudes of university students in the use of credit cards and the general use of money. The aim in actuality is to study the positive and negative credit card usage by University students and the reasons behind their usage or abuse. University students often are faced with a barrage of financial considerations including credit cards, financial institutions, student financing for educational purposes, part-time employment and other such financial decisions to manage. The research conducted would be inclusive of local collegiate students just beginning their tenure on campus and those that have been on campus for a year or more. Credit Cards have gained a lot of popularity in the United Kingdom and around the world. Most businesses use credit card services. The businesses, especially retail stores, have their own credit cards. They either have just a credit card for their store alone or they might have a Visa, MasterCard or even an American Express logo on it where the consumers can use that credit card no matter where they shop. In fact, if the businesses did not use credit cards they would lose a good chunk of money. This review will cover credit use and abuse, credit cards themselves, consumer decision making, consumer attitudes, adoption behavior, credit card debt and the viewpoint of credit card issuers and banks. Long term cardholders who carry a balance, pay late, and on occasion would surpass their credit limit, thus incurring additional fees, would in fact be the most

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Performance Management - Essay Example Moreover, assessment of standards of such places can play a vital role in the identification of status of performance management system. The test identified 13 common rater errors. What are five of them? How would you use knowledge of those five to decide what is being done well and what is being done poorly in an organization’s behavioral assessment process? Some of the rate errors identified by the text are primacy, severity, leniency, attribution, contrast, and negativity errors. It is observed that all such rate errors facilitate in better carrying out of behavioral assessment process that are key to understand the status of performance in an organization. In specific, some of the rate errors help in carrying out effective decision-making processes. For instance, ratings for the entire period can be influenced by the performance in the beginning of such period through identification of primacy rate error. Secondly, actual performance of employees are not considered, and consistent rating of employees can be done by severity rate error that does the rating based on lower justification from the actual recording. On the other hand, leniency rate error is a diverse version of severity rate error that rates employees higher than allocated by their performance. In this regard, information gathered from common rate errors can play a vital r ole in assessing the performance in an organization. It is observed that managers and human resource department keeps on endeavoring to maintain and improve the quality performance in an organization, and a number of steps are taken to ensure the stability in the performance management system. In specific, on-job training and courses, on-job education, conferencing, assignments, and mentoring are some of the significant development activities that are organized for improving the effective performance in the organization. Statistics have indicated that every organization

Luekemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Luekemia - Essay Example Acute leukemia refers to the rapid multiplication of immature blood cells hampering the bone marrows to function efficiently. On the other hand chronic leukemia is characterized by the excessive production of mature yet abnormal blood cells which results in the presence of many white cells in the blood. Acute leukemia is also relatively slower to progress than chronic leukemia and may not present any symptom (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society 3-4). Up to date, there is still little knowledge about the exact causes of leukemia. Physicians however, explain that a person's environment has a lot to do with his/her chances of having this disease. Based on studies people who are exposed to high levels of radiation are in a greater risk of contracting this disease. Natural or ionizing radiation caused by atomic bomb explosion, nuclear power plant accidents, and other medical treatments increases the risk of leukemia (Medicine Net.com 3). Exposure to certain chemicals like benzene and formaldehyde has also been linked to this type of cancer. Some forms of leukemia are caused by viruses like the chronic lymphocytic leukemia which is caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (Medicine Net.com 3). Four techniques are commonly used to treat leukemia. Chemotherapy is the most common treatment where a drug or combinations of drugs are used to kill leukemia cells.

The growth of debt among young American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The growth of debt among young American - Essay Example (Economic Crisis, 71) The purpose of this research would be to determine the three most fundamental questions related to the aspect of growth of debt among young Americans. What is the social problem 2) What cause this social problem 3) What is the impact to the people of this social problem 4) What are some solutions regarding to this social problem One of the interests financial planners have would be in understanding how money attitudes can be related to both investment and savings behaviors. Financial counselors wish to understand the how and why students either intentionally or unintentionally get themselves into debt. The rapid rise in consumer credit card debt and personal bankruptcies causes concern with policy makers and this is one reason for the study. There is increasing evidence that credit card debt has contributed to the rise in family financial problems and personal bankruptcies (Brobeck, 45). In the quest to discover why consumer credit card use and debt are increasing it is important to understand an individual's attitudes towards credit, money and debt (Hayhoe, 645). The use of credit has becom... The use of credit has become almost a rite of passage for many collegiate students worldwide. The objective of this paper would be to study the attitudes of university students in the use of credit cards and the general use of money. The aim in actuality is to study the positive and negative credit card usage by University students and the reasons behind their usage or abuse. University students often are faced with a barrage of financial considerations including credit cards, financial institutions, student financing for educational purposes, part-time employment and other such financial decisions to manage. The research conducted would be inclusive of local collegiate students just beginning their tenure on campus and those that have been on campus for a year or more. Credit Cards have gained a lot of popularity in the United Kingdom and around the world. Most businesses use credit card services. The businesses, especially retail stores, have their own credit cards. They either have just a credit card for their store alone or they might have a Visa, MasterCard or even an American Express logo on it where the consumers can use that credit card no matter where they shop. In fact, if the businesses did not use credit cards they would lose a good chunk of money. This review will cover credit use and abuse, credit cards themselves, consumer decision making, consumer attitudes, adoption behavior, credit card debt and the viewpoint of credit card issuers and banks. Long term cardholders who carry a balance, pay late, and on occasion would surpass their credit limit, thus incurring additional fees, would in fact be the most

Luekemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Luekemia - Essay Example Acute leukemia refers to the rapid multiplication of immature blood cells hampering the bone marrows to function efficiently. On the other hand chronic leukemia is characterized by the excessive production of mature yet abnormal blood cells which results in the presence of many white cells in the blood. Acute leukemia is also relatively slower to progress than chronic leukemia and may not present any symptom (Leukemia and Lymphoma Society 3-4). Up to date, there is still little knowledge about the exact causes of leukemia. Physicians however, explain that a person's environment has a lot to do with his/her chances of having this disease. Based on studies people who are exposed to high levels of radiation are in a greater risk of contracting this disease. Natural or ionizing radiation caused by atomic bomb explosion, nuclear power plant accidents, and other medical treatments increases the risk of leukemia (Medicine Net.com 3). Exposure to certain chemicals like benzene and formaldehyde has also been linked to this type of cancer. Some forms of leukemia are caused by viruses like the chronic lymphocytic leukemia which is caused by the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (Medicine Net.com 3). Four techniques are commonly used to treat leukemia. Chemotherapy is the most common treatment where a drug or combinations of drugs are used to kill leukemia cells.

Decreasing Population of Bachelor of Secondary Education Essay Example for Free

Decreasing Population of Bachelor of Secondary Education Essay INTRODUCTION Anyone who chooses a teaching career in the Philippines must hold a degree in teacher education. Teachers in public and private elementary schools must have at least a bachelor’s degree in elementary education. High school teachers are expected to have a bachelor’s degree in secondary education with specialization (a major and a minor) in high school subjects. Both degrees are awarded upon successful completion of approved teacher education courses in recognized institutions. Teaching in colleges or professional degree programmes at the tertiary level requires at least a master’s degree in a particular area of specialization. But obviously, population of Bachelor of Secondary Education students were decreasing ultimately. Because of these, quality of education in the Philippines will likely face a crisis if the current trends in decreasing college enrolment and increasing dropouts especially Bachelor of Secondary Education and Bachelor of Elementary Education will continue. There are several factors to consider why the population of Education students diminished. Due to continuing tuition hikes, many college students decided to take vocational courses. Recently, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) National Commission of the Philippines reported that approximately 22 percent overall student survivals from first to fourth Year College. And undeniably, teacher is a very stressful profession. Teacher engaged in actual classroom teaching that render not more than eight hours of actual classroom teaching a day, preparation and correction of exercises and other work incidental to his/her normal teaching duties. Secondary teachers shall be assigned to no more than six daily forty-minute periods of instruction. For college, the normal teaching load of a full-time instructor shall be eighteen hours a week. The teaching load of part-time instructors who are full-time employees outside of teaching shall not exceed twelve hours per week. However, the average teachers’ salary at present is inadequate as source of livelihood. Teaching is a noble profession companied by the fact that they have a lot of pressure responsibilities to mould people in the society they belong. RELATED LITERATURE Teaching is a profession whose rewards have the potential to be great, yet its challenges have the potential to be frustrating at the same time. Teachers have the opportunity to positively impact their students lives. Helping young people reach their potential is extremely rewarding. However, some students are difficult to connect with, or have problems that interfere with their behavior and performance in the classroom. Aside from that, they also encounter difficulties in their work schedule, most teachers arrive at school early, stay late or bring work home. Planning, grading, meetings, conferences and professional development must be accomplished in addition to the daily teaching of lessons. They are also a typical 10-month employee and are off when school is closed for holidays and vacations. However, teachers may have to get summer jobs to supplement their salaries (Sally Miller, 2005). All higher education institutions in all countries have experienced tension between the demand to be specifically applicable to local needs and the desire to maintain ideas and values of universal reference (Hargreaves, 1973). Basically in Bachelor of Secondary Education or in any other teaching/education courses. The management structure of primary teaching education is inadequately organized to guide teacher education institute in accordance with the national development strategy. Rigidity and inefficiency in the schooling process result from the absence of effective, central and complete planning(Dunkley, 1981). Because of this, teacher’s wanna be decreasing extremely. According to Dr. Rupert Maclean(1988), there are some important implications for the development of the system of teacher education in the region such as: (1) need to recognize that the pursuit of learning is a lifelong process, (2)an examination of the extent to which educational institutions should be autonomous, and the consideration of the social and economic cost and benefits involved when greater autonomy occurs, (3)the reform and expansion of teacher education as a vital step towards the rejuvenation of public education. On the other hand, A Unesco Publication, The Changing Role of the Teacher, states â€Å"There was a time when the teacher’s roles was to pass down to the younger generation the knowledge, experiences and mythology of a slow evolving society The pace of change in contemporary society has made his role redundant. The role of teacher must be, among other things, a change agent. It does not matter whether one is addressing the situation in a developing country or an industrialized nation, the problem remains the same. What are the new dimensions of his/her role, and how is the teacher to be trained to fulfil that role. In examining the changing role of the teacher we need to see the changes as being a response to, and an attempt to confront the pressure of a society undergoing constant transition† (Goble and Porter, 1977). For this statement, we can say that teachers play an important role in changing the education in the society. For example, in Malaysia, education is envisioned to serve two important functions: (1)a means to achieve national unity and (2) a vehicle for national development. Since 1964, English was slowly replace by Bahasa Malaysia, the argument being that a nation system of education using a common medium of instruction, in addition to a common syllabus , will provide a strong base for promoting national unity. Unfortunately, the policy has created inter-ethnic tension, in view of the fact that in Malaysia about 53% are Chinese and about 11% are Indian origin(S. Husin Ali, Chang Yii Tan, Tan Boon Kean, 1987). Teacher is responsible in almost every job in the society especially when we are talking about the future of every student they handle in primary, secondary and tertiary level. Focusing in higher education, according to Trow(1938:132) higher education itself ‘a stratified system of institution, graded formally or informally in status and prestige, in wealth, power and influence of various kind. Moreover, teacher in the Philippines had its beginning as early as Spanish period. Teacher education programs have always been dictated by the urgent needs of the time, Before 1950, there were only a few state colleges offering a teacher education program. However, when the Department of Education reported the gravity of the problem of undersupply of professionally qualified teachers, enrolment in teacher education registered slowly upward. To encourage more schools to offer teacher education courses, requirements for opening normal schools and college were relaxed(Carson, 1978). Furthermore, most countries in the region of Asia recognize the crucial importance of pre-service education for teachers. For instance, the 1986 National Policy on Education states that â€Å"no people can rise above the level of its teachers† (de la Cruz, Leandro, 1988). Lastly, most important evidence of quality in an education system is to be found in the quality of the pupils/students produced. The problem, however, is to arrive at satisfactory indicators which will show that better quality education has been achieve (Adams, 1988). Accordingly, much discussion in quality and standards will show in this research. And also this study will attempt to show what was really the factors we can consider in the change in population of education students. For future studies, it will be necessary to analyze different data that related in the given topic. This research will have the great contribution in people awareness especially students on what are the trends in higher education. METHODOLOGY In order to gain information, the researcher conducted an interview with the highschool teacher including Mrs. Carol Isidro (Filipino II), Mrs. Crisamie Mendieta(Physics), Mrs. Laudato (Filipino II), Mrs. Musa (English I) and university instructors namely Ms. Michelle Zuniga (ITEC), Ms. Rona Feranil (Math), Ms. Jeneth Menil (P.E. and English), Mrs. Cherry Rose S. Uminga (Biology), Mrs. Grace Balingit ( Campus Asst. Librarian). It was made on March 3-5, 2010 at the Carmona National Highschool and Cavite State University- Carmona Campus. The researchers were able to perform an interview through the use of interview sheet/form/guide which the data currently record. They also used a pen to write every single information that the interviewee provide. During the pre-interview stage, the researchers put all the possible questions in a sheet of paper and improve it through the use of Microsoft word 2003. They also used Xerox machine to multiply the number of interview form/ guide. At the interview proper, the researchers used English language as the mode of communication. They apply formal way of gathering the point of views of the target population. And at the post interview stage, the researcher combined all ideas that the sample population had provide. Some of the information they were able to gather play an important role in interpreting the different ideas in understanding the cause of the issue of decreasing population of Bachelor of Secondary Education. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In pre-Spanish times, education was informal, unstructured, and devoid of methods. Children were provided more vocational training and less academics by their parents and in the houses of tribal tutors. Major changes in education system happened during the Spanish colonization. The tribal tutors were replaced by the Spanish Missionaries. Education was religion-oriented. It was for the elite, especially in the early years of Spanish colonization. But education during that period was inadequate, suppressed, and controlled. According to a new report of Commission on Higher Education (CHED), that the number of tertiary population in schoolyear 2002-2003 was 1.87 million compared to 2.4 million in 1994-1995. It cites however that general population of college students in the universities without classifying the program they belong was decrease incredibly. Even though there have not been any formal studies and analysis about this subject, there are several people and organization that will contribute in the explanation of the issue. According to Raymond Palatino, vice president of Anak ng Bayan (nation’s youth), college students who can no longer afford to study a four year course are planning to shift in other program usually vocational just to achieve their dream of earning a college diploma. In the lowering economic status of the Philippines, teachers play an important role in molding a future to a better one. Bachelor of Secondary Education program and many other teaching-related program students will likely face a doubt in pursuing their profession. They are more responsible in all aspects of an economy rather than any other job. Thus, they have great mission in everyone’s life. The purpose of this research is to provide consciousness towards the current issue of diminishing number of college students specifically Bachelor of Secondary Education students. Knowledge about this topic would make people aware in possibilities and reasons behind education status of a country. Concerning the standard of education in the Philippines, in June 2009 the president of the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines (FAAP) cited the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM) notice a continuing decline in the quality of education in this country. He said this was due to four main factors: a) mismanagement of the educational system, b) not investing wisely in education, c) lack of management competencies, d) systemic corruption. Another reason why the Philippines is not a major supplier of tertiary education for overseas students in the region is because some instructors and professors in SUC’s (state universities and colleges) be deficient in several abilities in professional teaching. These mandated subjects include the life and works of Filipino national hero Dr Jose Rizal, three subjects of Filipino language, and basic mathematics, science, and Filipino cultural subjects more appropriate for senior high school than for tertiary level. Also in order for the researcher to have primary information about the certain matter, they conducted an interview and look some documents that will testify the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education students in Cavite State University and Carmona National Highschool located at the community of Carmona, Cavite. The basic purpose of the interview was to gather different opinions and personal point of views of the people which generally related to the issue and the aim of the documents was to show relation of different information. The mode of communication during the interview proper is in English language in order to show formality and may give highly appropriate information. The prepared question in the interview guide/form was commonly as regards to the behavior, characteristics and ability of the sample population. From the school documents of Cavite State University, the researcher was able to identify the number of Bachelor of Secondary Education during first and second semester since 2002 at given university. As a follow up to this information, the Graph 1 shows the overall population of the enrollees of BSE program. Figure 1 Graph of enrolled students in BSE program at CvSU Carmona Campus, (Mrs. Mojica, Campus Registrar) As can be seen by the graph, the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education was inconsistent. At school year 2002-2003, during first semester of given year, the recorded population was 22 enrollees. At the latter part or in second semester, the population increased by 26. The population through that year (2002-2003) was said to be slightly increased. At first semester of 2003-2004, the enrollees were 84, and at the second semester in decreased by 76. At the first semester of 2004-2005, the documented enrollees increased by 119, and at the second semester, the enrollees extremely increased by 124. The inconsistency of the population appears at the middle of the year between 2002 to 2007. During the first semester, the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education at year 2005-2006 was 132 and at the second semester it declines to 121. At reach of 2006, the population on that particular campus noticeably decreases. The year 2006-2007, first semester, the enrollees was 110, it decrease to 104. And at the following year (2007-2008), the BSE students was consisted of 86 (first semester) and 93(second semester). At 2008-2009, the BSE program students got their smallest population at only 71 during first semester and 66 at second semester. Fortunately, it survives and reaches 84 enrollees at first semester of the year 2009-2010 and at second semester it decreased to 71. The population in that particular campus was the number of Bachelor of Secondary Education students in all year levels. The researchers also gather information from the teachers of Carmona National Highschool and instructors of Cavite State University-Carmona Campus through interview. From 5 sample population that the researchers were able to interview, such results only shows that people are aware in the tertiary level issue especially in teaching program. The first question at the interview guide was the reasons why did they choose Education program as their profession. From 5 interviewees 2 of them answered that that’s their parent’s choice. Also 2 of them proclaimed as their passion at the remaining one said that it’s their childhood dream. The result of first question shows that variation in reasons on choosing their program occurs. There are several aspects in choosing a program. It may be the behavior of a students or the behavior of the people around them. Another question although too broad to discuss â€Å"what are the factors to consider in choosing a program?† According to the observation of teachers/instructors there are too many factors they consider in entering the field of teaching. It can be the (1)parents choice, (2)job demand, (3)stability or security of the future job, (4) location of the school, (5)availability of the school, (6)scholarship offered, (7) line of interest, passion, personal choice or childhood dream (8) affordability or in financial matters, (9)relatives or friends influence. Another question answered by the interviewee, â€Å"What did you notice in the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education nowadays?† tested the attentiveness of the respondents. The result was interesting because majority showed that they see population of BSE students was said to be decreased. Only 1 of them, out of 5 answered that it increased. In order for the researcher to identify point of views of the sample population about the factors that affect the decreasing population of BSE students, they include it in their interview guide. The results of the question give ideas about the aspects which is much related in a given topic. The main factors given by the teacher/instructors were: (1) financial, (2) job demand, (3) unable to reach the standard, (4) majorship offered in the universities, (5) stressful, (6) issues or bad images of the teachers nowadays, (7) salary, and (8) chance to go abroad. The result of this question provides an appropriate answer about the certain topic. Although no longer the main component of this research, most of the target population that researchers able to interview has smaller number of colleagues whom they really want to be a teacher. According to Ms. Jeneth Menil (Engl and P.E. teacher in CvSU), and Ms. Tita Salamatin (English instructor in CvSU) approximately 10 % of her overall classmates in highschool really wants to be a teacher. And base on the observation Ms. Michelle Zuniga (ITEC teacher in CvSU) there are only 5 % wishes to be a teacher. Mrs Crisamie Mendieta (Physics teacher in CNHS) proclaimed that 2 out of 40 of her secondary classmates has a passion of teaching. While Mrs. Musa (English teacher in CNHS) notified that there are about 20 % of her highschool colleagues would like to be an educator. Fortunately, according to them, most of their highschool classmates including the teachers/instructors they interviewed whom wants to be a teacher pursued what they really want to be. Luckily, after several years of studying in teahing profession most of them succeed to be a teacher. But during their stage of studying in college, their college colleagues their population inside the campus as the Bachelor of Secondary Education students, their population said to be diminished as they reach their senior year. They give possible reason on why this condition occurs. The target interviewee told so that money is one of the greatest possible reasons for that. Some of their classmates choose the more convenient, time-saving courses such as vocational courses. Another reason was some of their colleagues realized that it is not their line of interest or their passion. According to Mrs. Mendieta others would like to take medicine/nursing for they think that it is in demand abroad. Lastly, the researcher confirmed that the population of Bachelor of Secondary Education decline after several years of establishing a teaching related field. They also give an idea about several factors on why this circumstance triggers. CONCLUSION The researchers prove that the population of students taking up of Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSE) is decreasing due to the different reasons. The researchers also conclude that there are several factors that really affect on students in order for them not to choose teaching programs. Those factors include: (1) financial, (2) job demand, (3) unable to reach the standard, (4) majorship offered in the universities, (5) stressful, (6) issues or bad images of the teachers nowadays, (7) salary, and (8) chance to go abroad. Each factor was perceived by the target population which consists of highschool teachers and university instructors. This research show that aside from giving readers an idea about the condition in terms of population of the tertiary level students specifically Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSE) program, it also provide awareness about the factors that affect in this phenomenon. Although not really a main part of the research, the researchers still provide information about the vast majority of teachers interviewed indicate that they are satisfied with their jobs, but there are problems. While teachers salaries have improved, many teachers believe that their pay is still inadequate. Local conditions have a major impact on teacher satisfaction. On the teachers wish list for job improvement are lighter workloads, more parental support, fewer discipline problems, and greater administration support. Students at tertiary level have a freedom to choose what program they were able take, but researchers tries to identify the major causes, effects, and explanation in the current trends in the society. They also supply needed information and data in order to understand what really the topic is. Recommendations, suggestions, clarifications and point of views by different kind of people combined in only one research paper and organize it according to purpose. This research aims to promote the Bachelor of Secondary Education program and it also intends to increase the number of enrollees to certain program.

Measuring Intimate Partner Violence

Measuring Intimate Partner Violence A number of researchers found domestic violence to be a major contributor of physical and mental health problems in sufferers. (REF) Some studies have reported about rising rates of domestic violence related homicides. (REF) It has been observed that abused women very frequently get chance to be in contact with healthcare system sometimes for routine checkups and at other times to seek emergency care for injuries. Healthcare providers thus are in appropriate position to identify abuse and provide or devise possible interventions. These indications let researchers and human rights activists to approach the problem of domestic violence as a public health problem. Bachman (2000) and Saltzman (2004) strongly recommended for accurate measurement of domestic abuse in healthcare setups as this information could be very useful for identification of abuse as well as for devising intervention activities for victims. One important methodological concern common to domestic violence research has been measurement of abuse. Although violence is a measurable phenomenon but its accurate measurement is also influenced by perception of people about the act. Researchers have found variability in perception of people about certain abusive acts as violent or not. For instance, forced sex or martial rape is still not considered an abuse in many societies around the world. A number of international organizations have provided the definitions of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) with clear description of acts in various categories. For instance, The Australian Medical Association (AMA) (1998) defined domestic violence as, the domination, coercion, intimidation and victimization of one person by another by physical, sexual or emotional means within intimate relationships. An outline of types of abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) was provided by Australian Public Health (1990). According to this description: Physical abuse is causing pain and injury; denial of sleep, warmth or nutrition; denial of needed medical care; sexual assault; violence to property or animals; disablement; and murder Verbal abuse includes humiliation, degradation, intimidation, subjugation, including the threat of physical violence; Economic abuse includes deprivation of basic necessities, seizure of income or assets, unreasonable denial of the means necessary for participation in social life; and Social abuse is isolation, control of all social activities, deprivation of liberty, or the deliberate creation of unreasonable dependence. The common acts for physical violence measured in researches on domestic violence include slapping, throwing something that could hurt, pushing, hitting with a fist or anything that could hurt, kicking, dragging, choking, threatening or actually using a gun, knife or other weapon. (Mazza, Dennerstein Ryan, 1996) Sexual violence has been measured by these acts; physically forcing to have sexual intercourse against her will, having sex because she was afraid of what her partner might do, being forced to do something sexual she found degrading or humiliating.(Brown, Lent, Brett et al, 1996) Previous researches have shown that how researchers frame their questions about violent victimization can have a profound effect on disclosure rates. (Tjaden, 2000) For instance, it will be more convenient for women to respond accurately to the question framed as, Has your partner ever physically forced you to have sex against your will? than asking question as Have you even been abused or raped? (Ellsberg, Heise Shrader, 1999) It has been recommended by previous researches that asking clearly worded, direct questions about the respondents experience of specific acts also obtain correct information from the participants. (Bagshaw et al. 2000; WHO Geneva, 2005) Studies have also investigated the effectiveness of type of screening procedures for domestic violence screening in healthcare setups. Webster Holt (2004) reviewed the medical records for evidence of positive partner violence for women attending prenatal clinics. A self-report checklist is an effective alternative to direct questioning in detecting women who are experiencing partner violence and is acceptable to women. It has also been reported that health professionals need to use a variety of questions to elicit womens experiences of domestic violence. (Hegarty et al, 2000) Some other recent studies compared brief self-report abuse screening instruments with long clinician-administered abuse screening questionnaires

Abortion Essays -- essays research papers

John T. Noonan makes the argument that the jump in probability for a fetus’ coming to term, at a specific point in the development of the fetus, has an important implication for the humanity (personhood) of the fetus. He bases this argument on the reasoning that â€Å"life itself is a matter of probabilities, and most moral reasoning is an estimate of probabilities.† He goes on to state that his argument in which a fetus has an implication for the humanity of the fetus is strictly an â€Å"appeal to probabilities that actually exist.† To demonstrate his point concerning probabilities he uses an analogy. The analogy he uses is of a man who shoots into the bushes because of movement in the bushes. If the chances of this movement in the bushes being a man were 200 million to one, then no one would think anything of him firing away into the bushes. However, if the chances are 4 out of 5 that the movement is a man, then you would not be justified in firing into the b ushes. He uses this analogy to relate it to the development of a baby. When a male ejaculates he emits about 200 million spermatozoa. Of these 200 million, only one single spermatozoon has a chance to develop into a zygote. Noonan says that therefore, if one spermatozoon is destroyed than you’re only destroying a being that had a one in 200 million chance of ever developing into a reasoning being. This would be similar to the case of shooting into the bushes when there is a one in 200 million chance that the movement is that of a man. On the other hand, if a fetus is destroyed, then you’re terminating a being that had â€Å"an 80 percent chance of developing further into a baby outside the womb who, in time, would reason.† This would be similar to shooting into the bushes when the movement has a 4 out of 5 chance of being that of a man. The probability of the baby becoming a full being of reason drastically changes from a single spermatozoon (1 in 200 million) t o a fetus (4 out of 5). This probability change is important because it leads you to believe that aborting a fetus is wrong because of the high probability it has of becoming a being of reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judith Jarvis Thomson offers a rather interesting analogy to an unwanted pregnancy. Thomson begins her analogy with the hypothetical situation of waking up and finding oneself wired by their circulatory system to a stranger. The stranger... ... in which the father is some heinous creep would just be plain wrong. Not to mention that she didn’t want this pregnancy in the first place. I also believe that a mother’s right to life is just as important as a fetus’s right to life. Therefore, if going through with a pregnancy would be life threatening then a mother should have the right to abort the fetus. If a mother would choose to die in order for the baby to be born then it would be an incredible superrogative good, but she is under no obligation to sacrifice herself on behalf of the fetus. If a person has taken a responsible and reasonable precaution not to get pregnant, but does, then I feel they should also have the right to abort the fetus. I just think that as long as a conscious effort was made to prevent pregnancy, then it is morally permissible to have an abortion. Abortion would not be morally permissible, in my opinion, for cases in which it is done for the sake of convenience. I strongly bel ieve that a fetus’s right to life outweighs any convenience issues in which the parents might have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abortion Essays -- essays research papers John T. Noonan makes the argument that the jump in probability for a fetus’ coming to term, at a specific point in the development of the fetus, has an important implication for the humanity (personhood) of the fetus. He bases this argument on the reasoning that â€Å"life itself is a matter of probabilities, and most moral reasoning is an estimate of probabilities.† He goes on to state that his argument in which a fetus has an implication for the humanity of the fetus is strictly an â€Å"appeal to probabilities that actually exist.† To demonstrate his point concerning probabilities he uses an analogy. The analogy he uses is of a man who shoots into the bushes because of movement in the bushes. If the chances of this movement in the bushes being a man were 200 million to one, then no one would think anything of him firing away into the bushes. However, if the chances are 4 out of 5 that the movement is a man, then you would not be justified in firing into the b ushes. He uses this analogy to relate it to the development of a baby. When a male ejaculates he emits about 200 million spermatozoa. Of these 200 million, only one single spermatozoon has a chance to develop into a zygote. Noonan says that therefore, if one spermatozoon is destroyed than you’re only destroying a being that had a one in 200 million chance of ever developing into a reasoning being. This would be similar to the case of shooting into the bushes when there is a one in 200 million chance that the movement is that of a man. On the other hand, if a fetus is destroyed, then you’re terminating a being that had â€Å"an 80 percent chance of developing further into a baby outside the womb who, in time, would reason.† This would be similar to shooting into the bushes when the movement has a 4 out of 5 chance of being that of a man. The probability of the baby becoming a full being of reason drastically changes from a single spermatozoon (1 in 200 million) t o a fetus (4 out of 5). This probability change is important because it leads you to believe that aborting a fetus is wrong because of the high probability it has of becoming a being of reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Judith Jarvis Thomson offers a rather interesting analogy to an unwanted pregnancy. Thomson begins her analogy with the hypothetical situation of waking up and finding oneself wired by their circulatory system to a stranger. The stranger... ... in which the father is some heinous creep would just be plain wrong. Not to mention that she didn’t want this pregnancy in the first place. I also believe that a mother’s right to life is just as important as a fetus’s right to life. Therefore, if going through with a pregnancy would be life threatening then a mother should have the right to abort the fetus. If a mother would choose to die in order for the baby to be born then it would be an incredible superrogative good, but she is under no obligation to sacrifice herself on behalf of the fetus. If a person has taken a responsible and reasonable precaution not to get pregnant, but does, then I feel they should also have the right to abort the fetus. I just think that as long as a conscious effort was made to prevent pregnancy, then it is morally permissible to have an abortion. Abortion would not be morally permissible, in my opinion, for cases in which it is done for the sake of convenience. I strongly bel ieve that a fetus’s right to life outweighs any convenience issues in which the parents might have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚